In this study, the open-circuit faults diagnosis and location issue of the neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverters are analysed. A novel fault diagnosis approach based on knowledge driven and data driven was presented for the open-circuit faults in insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) of NPC inverter, and Concordia transform (knowledge driven) and random forests (RFs) technique (data driven) are employed to improve the robustness performance of the fault diagnosis classifier. First, the fault feature data of AC in either normal state or open-circuit faults states of NPC inverter are analysed and extracted. Second, the Concordia transform is used to process the fault samples, and it has been verified that the slopes of current trajectories are not affected by different loads in this study, which can help the proposed method to reduce overdependence on fault data. Moreover, then the transformed fault samples are adopted to train the RFs fault diagnosis classifier, and the fault diagnosis results show that the classification accuracy and robustness performance of the fault diagnosis classifier are improved. Finally, the diagnosis results of online fault diagnosis experiments show that the proposed classifier can locate the open-circuit fault of IGBTs in NPC inverter under the conditions of different loads.

Computer-aided methods have shown added value for diagnosing and predicting brain disorders and can thus support decision making in clinical care and treatment planning. This chapter will provide insight into the type of methods, their working, their input data - such as cognitive tests, imaging and genetic data - and the types of output they provide. We will focus on specific use cases for diagnosis, i.e. estimating the current 'condition' of the patient, such as early detection and diagnosis of dementia, differential diagnosis of brain tumours, and decision making in stroke. Regarding prediction, i.e. estimation of the future 'condition' of the patient, we will zoom in on use cases such as predicting the disease course in multiple sclerosis and predicting patient outcomes after treatment in brain cancer. Furthermore, based on these use cases, we will assess the current state-of-the-art methodology and highlight current efforts on benchmarking of these methods and the importance of open science therein. Finally, we assess the current clinical impact of computer-aided methods and discuss the required next steps to increase clinical impact.

Membership inference (MI) attacks highlight a privacy weakness in present stochastic training methods for neural networks. It is not well understood, however, why they arise. Are they a natural consequence of imperfect generalization only? Which underlying causes should we address during training to mitigate these attacks? Towards answering such questions, we propose the first approach to explain MI attacks and their connection to generalization based on principled causal reasoning. We offer causal graphs that quantitatively explain the observed MI attack performance achieved for $6$ attack variants. We refute several prior non-quantitative hypotheses that over-simplify or over-estimate the influence of underlying causes, thereby failing to capture the complex interplay between several factors. Our causal models also show a new connection between generalization and MI attacks via their shared causal factors. Our causal models have high predictive power ($0.90$), i.e., their analytical predictions match with observations in unseen experiments often, which makes analysis via them a pragmatic alternative.

The meaningful use of electronic health records (EHR) continues to progress in the digital era with clinical decision support systems augmented by artificial intelligence. A priority in improving provider experience is to overcome information overload and reduce the cognitive burden so fewer medical errors and cognitive biases are introduced during patient care. One major type of medical error is diagnostic error due to systematic or predictable errors in judgment that rely on heuristics. The potential for clinical natural language processing (cNLP) to model diagnostic reasoning in humans with forward reasoning from data to diagnosis and potentially reduce the cognitive burden and medical error has not been investigated. Existing tasks to advance the science in cNLP have largely focused on information extraction and named entity recognition through classification tasks.

Abstract: Computer-aided methods have shown added value for diagnosing and predicting brain disorders and can thus support decision making in clinical care and treatment planning. This chapter will provide insight into the type of methods, their working, their input data -- such as cognitive tests, imaging and genetic data -- and the types of output they provide. We will focus on specific use cases for diagnosis, i.e. estimating the current'condition' of the patient, such as early detection and diagnosis of dementia, differential diagnosis of brain tumours, and decision making in stroke. Regarding prediction, i.e. estimation of the future'condition' of the patient, we will zoom in on use cases such as predicting the disease course in multiple sclerosis and predicting patient outcomes after treatment in brain cancer. Furthermore, based on these use cases, we will assess the current state-of-the-art methodology and highlight current efforts on benchmarking of these methods and the importance of open science therein.

Causal learning has long concerned itself with the accurate recovery of underlying causal mechanisms. Such causal modelling enables better explanations of out-of-distribution data. Prior works on causal learning assume that the high-level causal variables are given. However, in machine learning tasks, one often operates on low-level data like image pixels or high-dimensional vectors. In such settings, the entire Structural Causal Model (SCM) -- structure, parameters, \textit{and} high-level causal variables -- is unobserved and needs to be learnt from low-level data. We treat this problem as Bayesian inference of the latent SCM, given low-level data. For linear Gaussian additive noise SCMs, we present a tractable approximate inference method which performs joint inference over the causal variables, structure and parameters of the latent SCM from random, known interventions. Experiments are performed on synthetic datasets and a causally generated image dataset to demonstrate the efficacy of our approach. We also perform image generation from unseen interventions, thereby verifying out of distribution generalization for the proposed causal model.

The problem considered in this paper is the online diagnosis of Automated Production Systems with sensors and actuators delivering discrete binary signals that can be modeled as Discrete Event Systems. Even though there are numerous diagnosis methods, none of them can meet all the criteria of implementing an efficient diagnosis system (such as an intelligent solution, an average effort, a reasonable cost, an online diagnosis, fewer false alarms, etc.). In addition, these techniques require either a correct, robust, and representative model of the system or relevant data or experts' knowledge that require continuous updates. In this paper, we propose a Machine Learning-based approach of a diagnostic system. It is considered as a multi-class classifier that predicts the plant state: normal or faulty and what fault that has arisen in the case of failing behavior.

Causal discovery from observational and interventional data is challenging due to limited data and non-identifiability: factors that introduce uncertainty in estimating the underlying structural causal model (SCM). Selecting experiments (interventions) based on the uncertainty arising from both factors can expedite the identification of the SCM. Existing methods in experimental design for causal discovery from limited data either rely on linear assumptions for the SCM or select only the intervention target. This work incorporates recent advances in Bayesian causal discovery into the Bayesian optimal experimental design framework, allowing for active causal discovery of large, nonlinear SCMs while selecting both the interventional target and the value. We demonstrate the performance of the proposed method on synthetic graphs (Erdos-R\`enyi, Scale Free) for both linear and nonlinear SCMs as well as on the \emph{in-silico} single-cell gene regulatory network dataset, DREAM.

Timely detected anomalies in the chemical technological processes, as well as the earliest detection of the cause of the fault, significantly reduce the production cost in the industrial factories. Data on the state of the technological process and the operation of production equipment are received by a large number of different sensors. To better predict the behavior of the process and equipment, it is necessary not only to consider the behavior of the signals in each sensor separately, but also to take into account their correlation and hidden relationships with each other. Graph-based data representation helps with this. The graph nodes can be represented as data from the different sensors, and the edges can display the influence of these data on each other. In this work, the possibility of applying graph neural networks to the problem of fault diagnosis in a chemical process is studied. It was proposed to construct a graph during the training of graph neural network. This allows to train models on data where the dependencies between the sensors are not known in advance. In this work, several methods for obtaining adjacency matrices were considered, as well as their quality was studied. It has also been proposed to use multiple adjacency matrices in one model. We showed state-of-the-art performance on the fault diagnosis task with the Tennessee Eastman Process dataset. The proposed graph neural networks outperformed the results of recurrent neural networks.

Real world datasets contain incorrectly labeled instances that hamper the performance of the model and, in particular, the ability to generalize out of distribution. Also, each example might have different contribution towards learning. This motivates studies to better understanding of the role of data instances with respect to their contribution in good metrics in models. In this paper we propose a method based on metrics computed from training dynamics of Gradient Boosting Decision Trees (GBDTs) to assess the behavior of each training example. We focus on datasets containing mostly tabular or structured data, for which the use of Decision Trees ensembles are still the state-of-the-art in terms of performance. We show results on detecting noisy labels in order to either remove them, improving models' metrics in synthetic and real datasets, as well as a productive dataset. Our methods achieved the best results overall when compared with confident learning and heuristics.