Operators from various industries have been pushing the adoption of wireless sensing nodes for industrial monitoring, and such efforts have produced sizeable condition monitoring datasets that can be used to build diagnosis algorithms capable of warning maintenance engineers of impending failure or identifying current system health conditions. However, single operators may not have sufficiently large fleets of systems or component units to collect sufficient data to develop data-driven algorithms. Collecting a satisfactory quantity of fault patterns for safety-critical systems is particularly difficult due to the rarity of faults. Federated learning (FL) has emerged as a promising solution to leverage datasets from multiple operators to train a decentralized asset fault diagnosis model while maintaining data confidentiality. However, there are still considerable obstacles to overcome when it comes to optimizing the federation strategy without leaking sensitive data and addressing the issue of client dataset heterogeneity. This is particularly prevalent in fault diagnosis applications due to the high diversity of operating conditions and system configurations. To address these two challenges, we propose a novel clustering-based FL algorithm where clients are clustered for federating based on dataset similarity. To quantify dataset similarity between clients without explicitly sharing data, each client sets aside a local test dataset and evaluates the other clients' model prediction accuracy and uncertainty on this test dataset. Clients are then clustered for FL based on relative prediction accuracy and uncertainty.

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have promoted the development of computer aided diagnosis (CAD) systems for fundus diseases, helping ophthalmologists reduce missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis rate. However, the majority of CAD systems are data-driven but lack of medical prior knowledge which can be performance-friendly. In this regard, we innovatively proposed a human-in-the-loop (HITL) CAD system by leveraging ophthalmologists' eye-tracking information, which is more efficient and accurate. Concretely, the HITL CAD system was implemented on the multiple instance learning (MIL), where eye-tracking gaze maps were beneficial to cherry-pick diagnosis-related instances. Furthermore, the dual-cross-attention MIL (DCAMIL) network was utilized to curb the adverse effects of noisy instances. Meanwhile, both sequence augmentation module and domain adversarial module were introduced to enrich and standardize instances in the training bag, respectively, thereby enhancing the robustness of our method. We conduct comparative experiments on our newly constructed datasets (namely, AMD-Gaze and DR-Gaze), respectively for the AMD and early DR detection. Rigorous experiments demonstrate the feasibility of our HITL CAD system and the superiority of the proposed DCAMIL, fully exploring the ophthalmologists' eye-tracking information. These investigations indicate that physicians' gaze maps, as medical prior knowledge, is potential to contribute to the CAD systems of clinical diseases.

Transformer fault diagnosis (TFD) is a critical aspect of power system maintenance and management. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in TFD using artificial intelligence (AI) and dissolved gas analysis (DGA). The paper presents an analysis of recent advancements in this field, including the use of deep learning algorithms and advanced data analytics techniques, and their potential impact on TFD and the power industry as a whole. The review also highlights the benefits and limitations of different approaches to transformer fault diagnosis, including rule-based systems, expert systems, neural networks, and machine learning algorithms. Overall, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the importance of TFD and the role of AI in ensuring the reliable operation of power systems.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as an effective and promising tool in the field of medicine. With improved medical data labeling methods, and enhanced AI-enabled systems, massive amounts of data can be processed quickly, trends can be analyzed, and diseases can be detected and diagnosed more precisely. A positive outcome of incorporating artificial intelligence into healthcare and medical practice is improved patient outcomes and reduced healthcare expenses. The use of artificial intelligence can assist healthcare providers in prompt disease diagnosis, planning the course of treatment, predicting outbreaks of disease, and improving the accuracy of medical predictions. Using AI-based tools, underserved communities can gain access to information and resources otherwise out of reach, bridging the gap between healthcare practitioners and healthcare consumers.

Consumer's privacy is a main concern in Smart Grids (SGs) due to the sensitivity of energy data, particularly when used to train machine learning models for different services. These data-driven models often require huge amounts of data to achieve acceptable performance leading in most cases to risks of privacy leakage. By pushing the training to the edge, Federated Learning (FL) offers a good compromise between privacy preservation and the predictive performance of these models. The current paper presents an overview of FL applications in SGs while discussing their advantages and drawbacks, mainly in load forecasting, electric vehicles, fault diagnoses, load disaggregation and renewable energies. In addition, an analysis of main design trends and possible taxonomies is provided considering data partitioning, the communication topology, and security mechanisms. Towards the end, an overview of main challenges facing this technology and potential future directions is presented.

The framework of causal models provides a principled approach to causal reasoning, applied today across many scientific domains. Here we present this framework in the language of string diagrams, interpreted formally using category theory. A class of string diagrams, called network diagrams, are in 1-to-1 correspondence with directed acyclic graphs. A causal model is given by such a diagram with its components interpreted as stochastic maps, functions, or general channels in a symmetric monoidal category with a 'copy-discard' structure (cd-category), turning a model into a single mathematical object that can be reasoned with intuitively and yet rigorously. Building on prior works by Fong and Jacobs, Kissinger and Zanasi, as well as Fritz and Klingler, we present diagrammatic definitions of causal models and functional causal models in a cd-category, generalising causal Bayesian networks and structural causal models, respectively. We formalise general interventions on a model, including but beyond do-interventions, and present the natural notion of an open causal model with inputs. We also give an approach to conditioning based on a normalisation box, allowing for causal inference calculations to be done fully diagrammatically. We define counterfactuals in this setup, and treat the problems of the identifiability of causal effects and counterfactuals fully diagrammatically. The benefits of such a presentation of causal models lie in foundational questions in causal reasoning and in their clarificatory role and pedagogical value. This work aims to be accessible to different communities, from causal model practitioners to researchers in applied category theory, and discusses many examples from the literature for illustration. Overall, we argue and demonstrate that causal reasoning according to the causal model framework is most naturally and intuitively done as diagrammatic reasoning.

Overloading in DC servo motors is a major concern in industries, as many companies face the problem of finding expert operators, and also human monitoring may not be an effective solution. Therefore, this paper proposed an embedded Artificial intelligence (AI) approach using a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) using a new transformation to extract faults from real-time input signals without human interference. Our main purpose is to extract as many as possible features from the input signal to achieve a relaxed dataset that results in an effective but compact network to provide real-time fault detection even in a low-memory microcontroller. Besides, fault detection method a synchronous dual-motor system is also proposed to take action in faulty events. To fulfill this intention, a one-dimensional input signal from the output current of each DC servo motor is monitored and transformed into a 3d stack of data and then the CNN is implemented into the processor to detect any fault corresponding to overloading, finally experimental setup results in 99.9997% accuracy during testing for a model with nearly 8000 parameters. In addition, the proposed dual-motor system could achieve overload reduction and provide a fault-tolerant system and it is shown that this system also takes advantage of less energy consumption.

The Deep Space Network (DSN) (designed and operated by the Jet Propulsion Lab(cid:173) oratory (JPL) for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)) is unique in terms of providing end-to-end telecommunication capabilities between earth and various interplanetary spacecraft throughout the solar system. The ground component of the DSN consists of three ground station complexes located in California, Spain and Australia, giving full 24-hour coverage for deep space com(cid:173) munications.

Conventional binary classification trees such as CART either split the data using axis-aligned hyperplanes or they perform a compu(cid:173) tationally expensive search in the continuous space of hyperplanes with unrestricted orientations. We show that the limitations of the former can be overcome without resorting to the latter. For every pair of training data-points, there is one hyperplane that is orthog(cid:173) onal to the line joining the data-points and bisects this line. Such hyperplanes are plausible candidates for splits. In a comparison on a suite of 12 datasets we found that this method of generating candidate splits outperformed the standard methods, particularly when the training sets were small.

We introduce a constructive, incremental learning system for regression problems that models data by means of locally linear experts. In contrast to other approaches, the experts are trained independently and do not compete for data during learning. Only when a prediction for a query is required do the experts cooperate by blending their individual predic(cid:173) tions. Each expert is trained by minimizing a penalized local cross vali(cid:173) dation error using second order methods. In this way, an expert is able to find a local distance metric by adjusting the size and shape of the recep(cid:173) tive field in which its predictions are valid, and also to detect relevant in(cid:173) put features by adjusting its bias on the importance of individual input dimensions.