Natural Language Processing is one of the fields of computational linguistics and artificial intelligence that is concerned with human-computer interaction. It provides a seamless interaction between computers and human beings and gives computers the ability to understand human speech with the help of machine learning. This book will give you expertise on how to employ various NLP tasks in Python, giving you an insight into the best practices when designing and building NLP-based applications using Python. It will help you become an expert in no time and assist you in creating your own NLP projects using NLTK. You will sequentially be guided through applying machine learning tools to develop various models. We'll give you clarity on how to create training data and how to implement major NLP applications such as Named Entity Recognition, Question Answering System, Discourse Analysis, Transliteration, Word Sense disambiguation, Information Retrieval, Sentiment Analysis, Text Summarization, and Anaphora Resolution.

Recent advances in reading comprehension have resulted in models that surpass human performance when the answer is contained in a single, continuous passage of text. However, complex Question Answering (QA) typically requires multi-hop reasoning - i.e. the integration of supporting facts from different sources, to infer the correct answer. This paper proposes Document Graph Network (DGN), a message passing architecture for the identification of supporting facts over a graph-structured representation of text. The evaluation on HotpotQA shows that DGN obtains competitive results when compared to a reading comprehension baseline operating on raw text, confirming the relevance of structured representations for supporting multi-hop reasoning.

Recently, several studies have explored methods for using KG embedding to answer logical queries. These approaches either treat embedding learning and query answering as two separated learning tasks, or fail to deal with the variability of contributions from different query paths. We proposed to leverage a graph attention mechanism to handle the unequal contribution of different query paths. However, commonly used graph attention assumes that the center node embedding is provided, which is unavailable in this task since the center node is to be predicted. To solve this problem we propose a multi-head attention-based end-to-end logical query answering model, called Contextual Graph Attention model(CGA), which uses an initial neighborhood aggregation layer to generate the center embedding, and the whole model is trained jointly on the original KG structure as well as the sampled query-answer pairs. We also introduce two new datasets, DB18 and WikiGeo19, which are rather large in size compared to the existing datasets and contain many more relation types, and use them to evaluate the performance of the proposed model. Our result shows that the proposed CGA with fewer learnable parameters consistently outperforms the baseline models on both datasets as well as Bio dataset.

Question answering systems over knowledge graphs commonly consist of multiple components such as shallow parser, entity/relation linker, query generation and answer retrieval. We focus on the first task, shallow parsing, which so far received little attention in the QA community. Despite the lack of gold annotations for shallow parsing in question answering datasets, we devise a Reinforcement Learning based model called MDP-Parser, and show that it outperforms the current state-of-the-art approaches. Furthermore, it can be easily embedded into the existing entity/relation linking tools to boost the overall accuracy.

It studies the integration of question answering (QA) systems in a dialogue system (DS). Not long ago, each of these research subjects were studied separately; only very recently has studying the intersection between them gained increasing interest (Reddy et al., 2018; Choi et al., 2018). We present a spoken conversational question answering system that is able to answer questions about general knowledge in French by calling two distinct QA systems. It solves coreference and ellipsis by modelling context. Furthermore, it is extensible, thus other components such as neural approaches for question-answering can be easily integrated. It is also possible to collect a dialogue corpus from its iterations. In contrast to most conversational systems which support only speech, two input and output modalities are supported speech and text. Thus it is possible to let the user check the answers by either asking relevant Wikipedia excerpts or by navigating through the retrieved name entities or by exploring the answer details of the QA components: the confidence score as well as the set of explored triplets. Therefore, the user has the final word to consider the answer as correct or incorrect and to1 https://www.wikidata.org

A recent approach to the popular extractive question answering (extractive QA) task that generates its own training data instead of requiring existing annotated question answering examples. Extractive QA is a popular task for natural language processing (NLP) research, where models must extract a short snippet from a document in order to answer a natural language question. Though supervised models perform well at extractive QA, they require thousands -- sometimes hundreds of thousands -- of annotated examples for training, and their performance suffers when tested outside of the textual domains and language they were trained on. By approaching extractive QA as a self-supervised task, our technique outperformed early supervised models on the widely used SQuAD data set while requiring no annotated question answering training data. The code for our method is now available to download.

As the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of drug development increases, market growth is greatly favored. Artificial intelligence (AI) is called engineering and science adopted to design intelligent machines, such as intelligent computer programs. A system that applies multiple human intelligence-based functions, such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving skills in areas such as computer science, biology, linguistics, mathematics, and engineering. Artificial intelligence is regarded as the next boundary of medical innovation. Healthcare's AI is implemented to align structured and unstructured data.

With Intent Recommendations, rather than manually training Watson Assistant you can upload pre-existing chat or call logs so Watson can train based on real user questions and utterance, creating more accurate interactions for your customers. Additionally, using the logs, Watson can identify new topics and highlight gaps in training, through unsupervised machine learning. For instance, your customer base might be saying, "How do I cancel my card?" or "My card was stolen", but your assistant doesn't recognize "cancel card". Watson will identify the new intent, "cancel card," to be trained on, which dramatically decreases the time it takes to train your virtual assistant. By surfacing these new intents, Watson will continue to get smarter and faster, as customer interactions change over time.

An intelligent system must be capable of performing automated reasoning as well as responding to the changing environment (for example, changing knowledge). To exhibit such an intelligent behavior, a machine needs to understand its environment as well be able to interact with it to achieve certain goals. For acting rationally, a machine must be able to obtain information and understand it. Knowledge Representation (KR) is an important step of automated reasoning, where the knowledge about the world is represented in a way such that a machine can understand and process. Also, it must be able to accommodate the changes about the world (i.e., the new or updated knowledge). Using the generated knowledge base about the world, an intelligent system should be able to do complex tasks like question-answering (QA), summarization, medical reasoning and many more.

Watch this video to see how to use Watson Machine Learning and IBM Watson Studio to create a data flow using IBM SPSS Modeler to predict chronic kidney disease. Find more videos in the IBM Watson Data and AI Learning Center at http://ibm.biz/learning-centers.