Artificial intelligence (AI) has made remarkable progress in recent years, yet its rapid expansion brings overlooked environmental and ethical challenges. This review explores four critical areas where AI's impact extends beyond performance: energy consumption, electronic waste (e-waste), inequality in compute access, and the hidden energy burden of cybersecurity systems. Drawing from recent studies and institutional reports, the paper highlights systemic issues such as high emissions from model training, rising hardware turnover, global infrastructure disparities, and the energy demands of securing AI. By connecting these concerns, the review contributes to Responsible AI discourse by identifying key research gaps and advocating for sustainable, transparent, and equitable development practices. Ultimately, it argues that AI's progress must align with ethical responsibility and environmental stewardship to ensure a more inclusive and sustainable technological future.

We present eSapiens, an AI-as-a-Service (AIaaS) platform engineered around a business-oriented trifecta: proprietary data, operational workflows, and any major agnostic Large Language Model (LLM). eSapiens gives businesses full control over their AI assets, keeping everything in-house for AI knowledge retention and data security. eSapiens AI Agents (Sapiens) empower your team by providing valuable insights and automating repetitive tasks, enabling them to focus on high-impact work and drive better business outcomes. The system integrates structured document ingestion, hybrid vector retrieval, and no-code orchestration via LangChain, and supports top LLMs including OpenAI, Claude, Gemini, and DeepSeek. A key component is the THOR Agent, which handles structured SQL-style queries and generates actionable insights over enterprise databases. To evaluate the system, we conduct two experiments. First, a retrieval benchmark on legal corpora reveals that a chunk size of 512 tokens yields the highest retrieval precision (Top-3 accuracy: 91.3%). Second, a generation quality test using TRACe metrics across five LLMs shows that eSapiens delivers more context-consistent outputs with up to a 23% improvement in factual alignment. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of eSapiens in enabling trustworthy, auditable AI workflows for high-stakes domains like legal and finance.

The advent of powerful, accessible Large Language Models (LLMs) like Google's Gemini presents new opportunities for democratizing financial data analysis. This paper documents the design, implementation, and iterative debugging of a novel, serverless system for real-time stock analysis. The system leverages the Gemini API for qualitative assessment, automates data ingestion and processing via GitHub Actions, and presents the findings through a decoupled, static frontend. We detail the architectural evolution of the system, from initial concepts to a robust, event-driven pipeline, highlighting the practical challenges encountered during deployment. A significant portion of this paper is dedicated to a case study on the debugging process, covering common software errors, platform-specific permission issues, and rare, environment-level platform bugs. The final architecture operates at a near-zero cost, demonstrating a viable model for individuals to build sophisticated AI-powered financial tools. The operational application is publicly accessible, and the complete source code is available for review. We conclude by discussing the role of LLMs in financial analysis, the importance of robust debugging methodologies, and the emerging paradigm of human-AI collaboration in software development.

The Segment Anything Model (SAM) has revolutionized image segmentation through its innovative prompt-based approach, yet the critical role of prompt engineering in its success remains underexplored. This paper presents the first comprehensive survey focusing specifically on prompt engineering techniques for SAM and its variants. We systematically organize and analyze the rapidly growing body of work in this emerging field, covering fundamental methodologies, practical applications, and key challenges. Our review reveals how prompt engineering has evolved from simple geometric inputs to sophisticated multimodal approaches, enabling SAM's adaptation across diverse domains including medical imaging and remote sensing. We identify unique challenges in prompt optimization and discuss promising research directions. This survey fills an important gap in the literature by providing a structured framework for understanding and advancing prompt engineering in foundation models for segmentation.

Large language models (LLMs) have become proficient at sophisticated code-generation tasks, yet remain ineffective at reliably detecting or avoiding code vulnerabilities. Does this deficiency stem from insufficient learning about code vulnerabilities, or is it merely a result of ineffective prompting? Using representation engineering techniques, we investigate whether LLMs internally encode the concepts necessary to identify code vulnerabilities. We find that current LLMs encode precise internal representations that distinguish vulnerable from secure code--achieving greater accuracy than standard prompting approaches. Leveraging these vulnerability-sensitive representations, we develop an inference-time steering technique that subtly modulates the model's token-generation probabilities through a mixture of corrections (MoC). Our method effectively guides LLMs to produce less vulnerable code without compromising functionality, demonstrating a practical approach to controlled vulnerability management in generated code. Notably, MoC enhances the security ratio of Qwen2.5-Coder-7B by 8.9\%, while simultaneously improving functionality on HumanEval pass@1 by 2.1\%.

Aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) is a crucial fine-grained task in social media scenarios to identify the sentiment polarity of specific aspect terms in a sentence. Although many existing studies leverage large language models (LLMs) to perform ABSA due to their strong context understanding capabilities, they still face challenges to learn the context information in the running text because of the short text, as well as the small and unbalanced labeled training data, where most data are labeled with positive sentiment. Data augmentation (DA) is a feasible strategy for providing richer contextual information, especially when using LLMs to create synthetic training data, but faces challenges in ensuring a high quality of the augmented data.In this paper, we propose an LLM-based ABSA approach with training data augmentation.Specifically, an LLM is prompted to generate augmented training data based on the original training data, so as to construct a new training data with larger size and balanced label distributions to better train an ABSA model. Meanwhile, in order to improve the quality of the augmented data, we propose a reinforcement learning approach to optimize the data augmentation. LLM.Experiment results and further analyses on English benchmark datasets for ABSA demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, where superior performance is observed over strong baselines and most existing studies.

Human emotions are complex, with sarcasm being a subtle and distinctive form. Despite progress in sarcasm research, sarcasm generation remains underexplored, primarily due to the overreliance on textual modalities and the neglect of visual cues, as well as the mismatch between image content and sarcastic intent in existing datasets. In this paper, we introduce M2SaG, a multimodal sarcasm generation dataset with 4,970 samples, each containing an image, a sarcastic text, and a sarcasm target. To benchmark M2SaG, we propose ViSP, a generation framework that integrates Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and contrastive learning. PPO utilizes reward scores from DIP to steer the generation of sarcastic texts, while contrastive learning encourages the model to favor outputs with higher reward scores. These strategies improve overall generation quality and produce texts with more pronounced sarcastic intent. We evaluate ViSP across five metric sets and find it surpasses all baselines, including large language models, underscoring their limitations in sarcasm generation. Furthermore, we analyze the distributions of Sarcasm Scores and Factual Incongruity for both M2SaG and the texts generated by ViSP. The generated texts exhibit higher mean Sarcasm Scores (0.898 vs. 0.770) and Factual Incongruity (0.768 vs. 0.739), demonstrating that ViSP produces higher-quality sarcastic content than the original dataset. % The dataset and code will be publicly available. Our dataset and code will be released at \textit{https://github.com/wclapply/ViSP}.

This study explores the optimization of the DRAGON Longformer base model for clinical text classification, specifically targeting the binary classification of medical case descriptions. A dataset of 500 clinical cases containing structured medical observations was used, with 400 cases for training and 100 for validation. Enhancements to the pre - trained joeranbosma/dragon - longformer - base - mixed - domain model included hyperparameter tuning, domain - specific preprocessing, and architectural adjustments. Key modifications involved increasing sequence length from 512 to 1024 tokens, adjusting learning rates from 1e - 05 to 5e - 06, extending training epochs from 5 to 8, and incorporating specialized medical terminology. The optimized model achieved notable performance gains: accuracy improved from 72.0% to 85.2%, precision from 68.0% to 84.1%, recall from 75.0% to 86.3%, and F1 - score from 71.0% to 85.2%. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of these improvements (p < .001). The model demonstrated enhanced capability in interpreting medical terminology, anatomical measurements, and clinical observations. These findings contribute to domain - specific language model research and offer practical implications for clinical natural language processing applications. The optimized model ' s strong performance across diverse medical conditions underscores its potential for broad use in healthcare settings. Enhancing Clinical Text Classification via Fine - Tuned DRAGON Longformer Models Introduction Natural language processing (NLP) in healthcare has continued to advance rapidly, revolutionizing the ability to analyze clinical texts and automate the extraction of valuable insights from massive amounts of medical documentation (Khurana, Koli, Khatter, & Singh, 2023). Over the past few years, large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for gaining insight from and processing clinical narratives, creating capabilities that have never been seen before in medical text classification, entity recognition, and clinical decision support (Wang et al., 2018). The DRAGON (Deep Representation Analysis for General - domain Ontology Networks) framework was a specialized version of medical text processing out of all these models (Bosma et al., 2025). Beltagy, Peters, and Cohan (2020) state that the DRAGON longformer model, built on top of the Longformer architecture, addresses the quadratic computational complexity issue of traditional transformer models by processing long sequences.

We introduce the framework of LLM-Stackelberg games, a class of sequential decision-making models that integrate large language models (LLMs) into strategic interactions between a leader and a follower. Departing from classical Stackelberg assumptions of complete information and rational agents, our formulation allows each agent to reason through structured prompts, generate probabilistic behaviors via LLMs, and adapt their strategies through internal cognition and belief updates. We define two equilibrium concepts: reasoning and behavioral equilibrium, which aligns an agent's internal prompt-based reasoning with observable behavior, and conjectural reasoning equilibrium, which accounts for epistemic uncertainty through parameterized models over an opponent's response. These layered constructs capture bounded rationality, asymmetric information, and meta-cognitive adaptation. We illustrate the framework through a spearphishing case study, where a sender and a recipient engage in a deception game using structured reasoning prompts. This example highlights the cognitive richness and adversarial potential of LLM-mediated interactions. Our results show that LLM-Stackelberg games provide a powerful paradigm for modeling decision-making in domains such as cybersecurity, misinformation, and recommendation systems.

Large language models (LLMs) aligned for safety through techniques like reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) often exhibit emergent deceptive behaviors, where outputs appear compliant but subtly mislead or omit critical information. This paper introduces adversarial activation patching, a novel mechanistic interpretability framework that leverages activation patching as an adversarial tool to induce, detect, and mitigate such deception in transformer-based models. By sourcing activations from "deceptive" prompts and patching them into safe forward passes at specific layers, we simulate vulnerabilities and quantify deception rates. Through toy neural network simulations across multiple scenarios (e.g., 1000 trials per setup), we demonstrate that adversarial patching increases deceptive outputs to 23.9% from a 0% baseline, with layer-specific variations supporting our hypotheses. We propose six hypotheses, including transferability across models, exacerbation in multimodal settings, and scaling effects. An expanded literature review synthesizes over 20 key works in interpretability, deception, and adversarial attacks. Mitigation strategies, such as activation anomaly detection and robust fine-tuning, are detailed, alongside ethical considerations and future research directions. This work advances AI safety by highlighting patching's dual-use potential and provides a roadmap for empirical studies on large-scale models.