Good data stewardship requires removal of data at the request of the data's owner. This raises the question if and how a trained machine-learning model, which implicitly stores information about its training data, should be affected by such a removal request. Is it possible to "remove" data from a machine-learning model? We study this problem by defining certified removal: a very strong theoretical guarantee that a model from which data is removed cannot be distinguished from a model that never observed the data to begin with. We develop a certified-removal mechanism for linear classifiers and empirically study learning settings in which this mechanism is practical.

Fair machine learning is receiving an increasing attention in machine learning fields. Researchers in fair learning have developed correlation or association-based measures such as demographic disparity, mistreatment disparity, calibration, causal-based measures such as total effect, direct and indirect discrimination, and counterfactual fairness, and fairness notions such as equality of opportunity and equal odds that consider both decisions in the training data and decisions made by predictive models. In this paper, we develop a new causal-based fairness notation, called equality of effort. Different from existing fairness notions which mainly focus on discovering the disparity of decisions between two groups of individuals, the proposed equality of effort notation helps answer questions like to what extend a legitimate variable should change to make a particular individual achieve a certain outcome level and addresses the concerns whether the efforts made to achieve the same outcome level for individuals from the protected group and that from the unprotected group are different. We develop algorithms for determining whether an individual or a group of individuals is discriminated in terms of equality of effort. We also develop an optimization-based method for removing discriminatory effects from the data if discrimination is detected. We conduct empirical evaluations to compare the equality of effort and existing fairness notion and show the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms. Introduction Fair machine learning is receiving an increasing attention in machine learning fields. Discrimination is unfair treatment towards individuals based on the group to which they are perceived to belong. The first endeavor of the research community to achieve fairness is developing correlation or association-based measures, including demographic disparity (e.g., risk difference), mistreatment disparity, calibration, etc. (Romei and Ruggieri 2014; Luong, Ruggieri, and Turini 2011; ˇ Zliobaite, Kamiran, and Calders 2011; Dwork et al. 2012; Feldman et al. 2015), which mainly focus on discovering the disparity of certain statistical metrics between two groups of individuals. However, as paid increasing attention recently (Zhang, Wu, and Wu 2017b; Kilbertus et al. 2017; Nabi and Shpitser 2018), unlawful discrimination is a causal connection between the challenged decision and a protected characteristic, which cannot be captured by simple correlation or association concepts.

Achieving explainable modelling is sometimes considered synonymous with restricting the choice of AI model to specific family of models that are considered inherently explainable. We will review this family of AI models. However, our discussion goes far beyond the conventional explainable model families and includes more recent and novel approaches such as joint prediction and explanation, hybrid models, and more. Ideally we can avoid the black-box problem from the beginning by developing a model that is explainable by design. The traditional approach to achieve explainable modelling is to adopt from a specific family of models that are considered explainable.

The esoteric nuances of machine learning algorithms and terminology can easily overwhelm the machine learning novice. As I was reading the Deep Learning book by Yoshua Bengio, Aaron Courville, and Ian Goodfellow, I was ecstatic when I reached the section that explained the common "recipe" that almost all machine learning algorithms share -- a dataset, a cost function, an optimization procedure, and a model. In this article, I summarize each universal'ingredient' of machine learning algorithms by dissecting them into their simplest components. With these'ingredients' in mind, you no longer have to view each new machine learning algorithm you encounter as an entity isolated from the others, but rather a unique combination of the four common elements described below. There are many types of machine learning algorithms.

Learning new skills to enhance your abilities to do a task effectively can be a hectic schedule especially if you are an employee. It's hard to chase coaching or learning centers after spending 8-10 hours in the office per day. And when it comes to becoming technology-efficient specifically in the field of data science, you need to have the best qualification, handy experiences to get better job opportunities in this high in-demand profession. To ease out people's hectic schedules without compromising with the quality of the education, online platforms like Coursera, Udemy, eDX and many more have a collection of data science certification and courses. Adding a touch of extra bonanza, these courses are free of cost.

A neural network without an activation function is essentially just a linear regression model. The activation function does the non-linear transformation to the input making it capable to learn and perform more complex tasks. Today we will be discussing the most commonly used activation function in the neural networks that is Relu. Relu stands for Rectified Linear Unit. A(x) max(0,x), where x is the output of hidden layer. The ReLu function is as shown above.

-- This paper proposes a framework which is able to generate a sequence of three-dimensional human dance poses for a given music. The proposed framework consists of three components: a music feature encoder, a pose generator, and a music genre classifier . We focus on integrating these components for generating a realistic 3D human dancing move from music, which can be applied to artificial agents and humanoid robots. The trained dance pose generator, which is a generative autoregressive model, is able to synthesize a dance sequence longer than 5,000 pose frames. Experimental results of generated dance sequences from various songs show how the proposed method generates humanlike dancing move to a given music. In addition, a generated 3D dance sequence is applied to a humanoid robot, showing that the proposed framework can make a robot to dance just by listening to music. Dance is one of the most important form of performing arts that having been emerged in all known cultures. As one of the specific subcategory of under theatrical dance, choreography associated with music is also one of the most popular forms that have usually been designed and physically performed by professional choreographers.

Local differential privacy (LDP) is a model where users send privatized data to an untrusted central server whose goal it to solve some data analysis task. In the non-interactive version of this model the protocol consists of a single round in which a server sends requests to all users then receives their responses. This version is deployed in industry due to its practical advantages and has attracted significant research interest. Our main result is an exponential lower bound on the number of samples necessary to solve the standard task of learning a large-margin linear separator in the non-interactive LDP model. Via a standard reduction this lower bound implies an exponential lower bound for stochastic convex optimization and specifically, for learning linear models with a convex, Lipschitz and smooth loss. These results answer the questions posed in \citep{SmithTU17,DanielyF18}. Our lower bound relies on a new technique for constructing pairs of distributions with nearly matching moments but whose supports can be nearly separated by a large margin hyperplane. These lower bounds also hold in the model where communication from each user is limited and follow from a lower bound on learning using non-adaptive \emph{statistical queries}.

In many practical applications of machine learning and pred ictive modeling, data is produced incrementally in the course of time and observed in the form of a continuous, potentially unbounded stream of observations. Correspond ingly, the problem of learning from data streams has recently received increasing attenti on (Gama, 2012). Algorithms for learning on streams must be able to process the data in a si ngle pass, which implies an incremental mode of learning, and to adapt to changes of the u nderlying data-generating process (Domingos and Hulten, 2003). A popular approach for learning on data streams, both for cla ssification and regression, is rule induction, in the fuzzy logic and computational inte lligence community also known as "evolving fuzzy systems" (Lughofer, 2011). Shaker et al. (2017) proposed a method for regression that builds on a very efficient and effective techniq ue for rule induction, which 1 is inspired by the state-of-the-art machine learning algor ithm AMRules, and combines it with the strengths of fuzzy modeling. Thus, the method induc es a set of fuzzy rules, which, compared to conventional rules with Boolean antecedents, h as the advantage of producing smooth regression functions. The method presented in this p aper, called TSK-Streams, is a revised and improved variant. The main modifications and novel contributions are as follows.

Prototype-based methods are of the particular interest for domain specialists and practitioners as they summarize a dataset by a small set of representatives. Therefore, in a classification setting, interpretability of the prototypes is as significant as the prediction accuracy of the algorithm. Nevertheless, the state-of-the-art methods make inefficient trade-offs between these concerns by sacrificing one in favor of the other, especially if the given data has a kernel-based representation. In this paper, we propose a novel interpretable multiple-kernel prototype learning (IMKPL) to construct highly interpretable prototypes in the feature space, which are also efficient for the discriminative representation of the data. Our method focuses on the local discrimination of the classes in the feature space and shaping the prototypes based on condensed class-homogeneous neighborhoods of data. Besides, IMKPL learns a combined embedding in the feature space in which the above objectives are better fulfilled. When the base kernels coincide with the data dimensions, this embedding results in a discriminative features selection. We evaluate IMKPL on several benchmarks from different domains which demonstrate its superiority to the related state-of-the-art methods regarding both interpretability and discriminative representation.