Over-parameterized deep networks trained using gradient-based optimizers are a popular choice for solving classification and ranking problems. Without appropriately tuned $\ell_2$ regularization or weight decay, such networks have the tendency to make output scores (logits) and network weights large, causing training loss to become too small and the network to lose its adaptivity (ability to move around) in the parameter space. Although regularization is typically understood from an overfitting perspective, we highlight its role in making the network more adaptive and enabling it to escape more easily from weights that generalize poorly. To provide such a capability, we propose a method called Logit Attenuating Weight Normalization (LAWN), that can be stacked onto any gradient-based optimizer. LAWN controls the logits by constraining the weight norms of layers in the final homogeneous sub-network. Empirically, we show that the resulting LAWN variant of the optimizer makes a deep network more adaptive to finding minimas with superior generalization performance on large-scale image classification and recommender systems. While LAWN is particularly impressive in improving Adam, it greatly improves all optimizers when used with large batch sizes

The property of conformal predictors to guarantee the required accuracy rate makes this framework attractive in various practical applications. However, this property is achieved at a price of reduction in precision. In the case of conformal classification, the systems can output multiple class labels instead of one. It is also known from the literature, that the choice of nonconformity function has a major impact on the efficiency of conformal classifiers. Recently, it was shown that different model-agnostic nonconformity functions result in conformal classifiers with different characteristics. For a Neural Network-based conformal classifier, the inverse probability (or hinge loss) allows minimizing the average number of predicted labels, and margin results in a larger fraction of singleton predictions. In this work, we aim to further extend this study. We perform an experimental evaluation using 8 different classification algorithms and discuss when the previously observed relationship holds or not. Additionally, we propose a successful method to combine the properties of these two nonconformity functions. The experimental evaluation is done using 11 real and 5 synthetic datasets.

The Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTPCR) test is the silver bullet diagnostic test to discern COVID infection. Rapid antigen detection is a screening test to identify COVID positive patients in little as 15 minutes, but has a lower sensitivity than the PCR tests. Besides having multiple standardized test kits, many people are getting infected & either recovering or dying even before the test due to the shortage and cost of kits, lack of indispensable specialists and labs, time-consuming result compared to bulk population especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Intrigued by the parametric deviations in immunological & hematological profile of a COVID patient, this research work leveraged the concept of COVID-19 detection by proposing a risk-free and highly accurate Stacked Ensemble Machine Learning model to identify a COVID patient from communally available-widespread-cheap routine blood tests which gives a promising accuracy, precision, recall & F1-score of 100%. Analysis from R-curve also shows the preciseness of the risk-free model to be implemented. The proposed method has the potential for large scale ubiquitous low-cost screening application. This can add an extra layer of protection in keeping the number of infected cases to a minimum and control the pandemic by identifying asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic people early.

Lung X-ray images, if processed using statistical and computational methods, can distinguish pneumonia from COVID-19. The present work shows that it is possible to extract lung X-ray characteristics to improve the methods of examining and diagnosing patients with suspected COVID-19, distinguishing them from malaria, dengue, H1N1, tuberculosis, and Streptococcus pneumonia. More precisely, an intelligent computational model was developed to process lung X-ray images and classify whether the image is of a patient with COVID-19. The images were processed and extracted their characteristics. These characteristics were the input data for an unsupervised statistical learning method, PCA, and clustering, which identified specific attributes of X-ray images with Covid-19. The introduction of statistical models allowed a fast algorithm, which used the X-means clustering method associated with the Bayesian Information Criterion (CIB). The developed algorithm efficiently distinguished each pulmonary pathology from X-ray images. The method exhibited excellent sensitivity. The average recognition accuracy of COVID-19 was 0.93 and 0.051.

Extended differential privacy, a generalization of standard differential privacy (DP) using a general metric, has been widely studied to provide rigorous privacy guarantees while keeping high utility. However, existing works on extended DP are limited to few metrics, such as the Euclidean metric. Consequently, they have only a small number of applications, such as location-based services and document processing. In this paper, we propose a couple of mechanisms providing extended DP with a different metric: angular distance (or cosine distance). Our mechanisms are based on locality sensitive hashing (LSH), which can be applied to the angular distance and work well for personal data in a high-dimensional space. We theoretically analyze the privacy properties of our mechanisms, and prove extended DP for input data by taking into account that LSH preserves the original metric only approximately. We apply our mechanisms to friend matching based on high-dimensional personal data with angular distance in the local model, and evaluate our mechanisms using two real datasets. We show that LDP requires a very large privacy budget and that RAPPOR does not work in this application. Then we show that our mechanisms enable friend matching with high utility and rigorous privacy guarantees based on extended DP.

Whenever we talk about Linear Regression we always talk about finding the best fit line for the data, well, That exactly is the objective of Linear Regression, but there's more to it than just fitting the line, So let's talk about why and how we find this best fit line. As the name suggests, the algorithm works on data that follows a linear trend, thus if we can find a line that could correctly define the trend of the data, we can very likely use the same line to define the whole dataset, thus using the same line, we can even get the values at points that are not present in the dataset, this is called prediction. Take a look at the dataset below, it is pretty clear that it does follow a linear trend. So just by looking at the dataset can we find what will be the output at any point, Yes we can, But real-world data is not this easy to interpret just by looking at it, in these cases we can rely on the underlying Mathematics of the Algorithm to find the line that could find and understand the trend in the data and adapt to it. Let's take the data shown in figure 1.

This will be a part of series of Machine Learning stories and this is the first one where we will cover few interesting but very basic concepts which is kind of must know for every budding data scientists or may be a professional one. A correlation coefficient tells you how strong, or how weak, the relationship is between two sets of data. In Mathematics, a coefficient is usually the number that is used to multiply a variable. So for this expression: 9x, the number 9 is the coefficient. A correlation between two variables or data sets indicates that as one variable changes in value, the other variable tends to change in a specific direction. It is also called the cross-correlation coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC), or the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC). Understanding this relationship is useful because the value of one variable allows us to predict the value of the other variable. For example, height and weight are correlated when it comes to your physique -- as height increases, the weight tends to increase too.

Here we are going to discuss Cluster Analysis in Data Mining. So first let us know about what is clustering in data mining then its introduction and the need for clustering in data mining. We are also going to discuss the algorithms and applications of cluster analysis in data mining. Later we will learn about […]

I'm also a mathematics lecturer at Cal State East Bay, and have been fortunate to be able to work with my mentor Prateek Jain as a Data Science Fellow at SharpestMinds. This project was selected as a way for me to practice writing a machine learning algorithm from scratch (no scikit-learn allowed!) and to therefore deeply learn and understand the k-nearest neighbors algorithm, or kNN. If you're not already familiar with kNN, it's a nice ML algorithm to make your first deep dive with, because it's relatively intuitive. Zip codes are frequently useful proxies for individuals because people who live in the same neighborhood often have similar economic backgrounds and educational attainment, and are therefore also likely to share values and politics (not a guarantee, though!). So if you wanted to predict whether a particular piece of legislation would pass in an area, you might poll some of the area's constituents and assume most of those constituents' neighbors will feel similarly about your bill as do the majority of those you polled.

Statistical Decision Making in Data Science with Case Study Understand how Statistics is Applied to Data Science Problem like ANOVA, t-test, F-test in Python Rating: 4.8 out of 54.8 (34 ratings) 16,792 students Description Welcome to the course "Statistical Decision Making in Data Science with a Case Study in Python" You will learn the approaches towards regression with case study. First we start with understanding linear equation and the optimization function value sum of squared errors. With that we find the values of the coefficient and makes least square regression. Then we starts building our linear regression in python. For the model we build we necessary test like hypothesis testing.