The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have revolutionized smart healthcare, driving innovations in wearable technologies, continuous monitoring devices, and intelligent diagnostic systems. However, security, explainability, robustness, and performance optimization challenges remain critical barriers to widespread adoption in clinical environments. This research presents an innovative algorithmic method using the Adaptive Feature Evaluator (AFE) algorithm to improve feature selection in healthcare datasets and overcome problems. AFE integrating Genetic Algorithms (GA), Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), and Permutation Combination Techniques (PCT), the algorithm optimizes Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS), thereby enhancing predictive accuracy and interpretability. The proposed method is validated across three diverse healthcare datasets using six distinct machine learning algorithms, demonstrating its robustness and superiority over conventional feature selection techniques. The results underscore the transformative potential of AFE in smart healthcare, enabling personalized and transparent patient care. Notably, the AFE algorithm, when combined with a Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP), achieved an accuracy of up to 98.5%, highlighting its capability to improve clinical decision-making processes in real-world healthcare applications.

Major solar flares are abrupt surges in the Sun's magnetic flux, presenting significant risks to technological infrastructure. In view of this, effectively predicting major flares from solar active region magnetic field data through machine learning methods becomes highly important in space weather research. Magnetic field data can be represented in multivariate time series modality where the data displays an extreme class imbalance due to the rarity of major flare events. In time series classification-based flare prediction, the use of contrastive representation learning methods has been relatively limited. In this paper, we introduce CONTREX, a novel contrastive representation learning approach for multivariate time series data, addressing challenges of temporal dependencies and extreme class imbalance. Our method involves extracting dynamic features from the multivariate time series instances, deriving two extremes from positive and negative class feature vectors that provide maximum separation capability, and training a sequence representation embedding module with the original multivariate time series data guided by our novel contrastive reconstruction loss to generate embeddings aligned with the extreme points. These embeddings capture essential time series characteristics and enhance discriminative power. Our approach shows promising solar flare prediction results on the Space Weather Analytics for Solar Flares (SWAN-SF) multivariate time series benchmark dataset against baseline methods.

This research investigates the classification of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) information within textual disclosures. The aim is to develop and evaluate binary classification models capable of accurately identifying and categorizing E, S and G-related content respectively. The motivation for this research stems from the growing importance of ESG considerations in investment decisions and corporate accountability. Accurate and efficient classification of ESG information is crucial for stakeholders to understand the impact of companies on sustainability and to make informed decisions. The research uses a quantitative approach involving data collection, data preprocessing, and the development of ESG-focused Large Language Models (LLMs) and traditional machine learning (Support Vector Machines, XGBoost) classifiers. Performance evaluation guides iterative refinement until satisfactory metrics are achieved. The research compares traditional machine learning techniques (Support Vector Machines, XGBoost), state-of-the-art language model (FinBERT-ESG) and fine-tuned LLMs like Llama 2, by employing standard Natural Language Processing performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score. A novel fine-tuning method, Qlora, is applied to LLMs, resulting in significant performance improvements across all ESG domains. The research also develops domain-specific fine-tuned models, such as EnvLlama 2-Qlora, SocLlama 2-Qlora, and GovLlama 2-Qlora, which demonstrate impressive results in ESG text classification.

Intracranial aneurysms (IAs) that rupture result in significant morbidity and mortality. While traditional risk models such as the PHASES score are useful in clinical decision making, machine learning (ML) models offer the potential to provide more accuracy. In this study, we compared the performance of four different machine learning algorithms Random Forest (RF), XGBoost (XGB), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) on clinical and radiographic features to predict rupture status of intracranial aneurysms. Among the models, RF achieved the highest accuracy (85%) with balanced precision and recall, while MLP had the lowest overall performance (accuracy of 63%). Fractal dimension ranked as the most important feature for model performance across all models.

Diffusion models have become increasingly popular for generative modeling due to their ability to generate high-quality samples. This has unlocked exciting new possibilities for solving inverse problems, especially in image restoration and reconstruction, by treating diffusion models as unsupervised priors. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of methods that utilize pre-trained diffusion models to solve inverse problems without requiring further training. We introduce taxonomies to categorize these methods based on both the problems they address and the techniques they employ. We analyze the connections between different approaches, offering insights into their practical implementation and highlighting important considerations. We further discuss specific challenges and potential solutions associated with using latent diffusion models for inverse problems. This work aims to be a valuable resource for those interested in learning about the intersection of diffusion models and inverse problems.

Learning from multimodal datasets can leverage complementary information and improve performance in prediction tasks. A commonly used strategy to account for feature correlations in high-dimensional datasets is the latent variable approach. Several latent variable methods have been proposed for multimodal datasets. However, these methods either focus on extracting the shared component across all modalities or on extracting both a shared component and individual components specific to each modality. To address this gap, we propose a Multi-Modal Fission Learning (MMFL) model that simultaneously identifies globally joint, partially joint, and individual components underlying the features of multimodal datasets. Unlike existing latent variable methods, MMFL uses supervision from the response variable to identify predictive latent components and has a natural extension for incorporating incomplete multimodal data. Through simulation studies, we demonstrate that MMFL outperforms various existing multimodal algorithms in both complete and incomplete modality settings. We applied MMFL to a real-world case study for early prediction of Alzheimers Disease using multimodal neuroimaging and genomics data from the Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) dataset. MMFL provided more accurate predictions and better insights into within- and across-modality correlations compared to existing methods.

For individuals and families, access to affordable credit is essential as protection against financial volatility, financing and education, pursuing business opportunities, and building equity. From the lender's perspective, there is a delicate balance between improving access to credit and higher costs due to defaults on payments. Creating responsible credit concession models requires maintaining this balance [Kozodoi et al., 2022] while ensuring fair outcomes across different groups of individuals, improving access, and helping applicants understand factors that influence rejection so that they can take action to improve their credit potential. Credit concession models are created using a variety of data, such as employment history (for example, occupation and income), demographic data (such as age, marital status, and education), and financial data (for example, checking account balance, credit card usage, and bill payment history). Given these features, models such as logistic regression, gradient boosting, and decision trees can be trained to predict whether a new customer will default on a loan over a period of time [Louzada et al., 2016].

This study introduces an innovative automatic labeling framework to address the challenges of lexical normalization in social media texts for low-resource languages like Vietnamese. Social media data is rich and diverse, but the evolving and varied language used in these contexts makes manual labeling labor-intensive and expensive. To tackle these issues, we propose a framework that integrates semi-supervised learning with weak supervision techniques. This approach enhances the quality of training dataset and expands its size while minimizing manual labeling efforts. Our framework automatically labels raw data, converting non-standard vocabulary into standardized forms, thereby improving the accuracy and consistency of the training data. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our weak supervision framework in normalizing Vietnamese text, especially when utilizing Pre-trained Language Models. The proposed framework achieves an impressive F1-score of 82.72% and maintains vocabulary integrity with an accuracy of up to 99.22%. Additionally, it effectively handles undiacritized text under various conditions. This framework significantly enhances natural language normalization quality and improves the accuracy of various NLP tasks, leading to an average accuracy increase of 1-3%.

The human visual system is capable of processing continuous streams of visual information, but how the brain encodes and retrieves recent visual memories during continuous visual processing remains unexplored. This study investigates the capacity of working memory to retain past information under continuous visual stimuli. And then we propose a new task Memory Disentangling, which aims to extract and decode past information from fMRI signals. To address the issue of interference from past memory information, we design a disentangled contrastive learning method inspired by the phenomenon of proactive interference. This method separates the information between adjacent fMRI signals into current and past components and decodes them into image descriptions. Experimental results demonstrate that this method effectively disentangles the information within fMRI signals. This research could advance brain-computer interfaces and mitigate the problem of low temporal resolution in fMRI.

Common narratives about automation often pit new technologies against workers. The introduction of advanced machine tools, industrial robots, and AI have all been met with concern that technological progress will mean fewer jobs. However, workers themselves offer a more optimistic, nuanced perspective. Drawing on a far-reaching 2024 survey of more than 9,000 workers across nine countries, this paper finds that more workers report potential benefits from new technologies like robots and AI for their safety and comfort at work, their pay, and their autonomy on the job than report potential costs. Workers with jobs that ask them to solve complex problems, workers who feel valued by their employers, and workers who are motivated to move up in their careers are all more likely to see new technologies as beneficial. In contrast to assumptions in previous research, more formal education is in some cases associated with more negative attitudes toward automation and its impact on work. In an experimental setting, the prospect of financial incentives for workers improve their perceptions of automation technologies, whereas the prospect of increased input about how new technologies are used does not have a significant effect on workers' attitudes toward automation.