Data valuation is a ML field that studies the value of training instances towards a given predictive task. Although data bias is one of the main sources of downstream model unfairness, previous work in data valuation does not consider how training instances may influence both performance and fairness of ML models. Thus, we propose Fairness-Aware Data vauatiOn (FADO), a data valuation framework that can be used to incorporate fairness concerns into a series of ML-related tasks (e.g., data pre-processing, exploratory data analysis, active learning). We propose an entropy-based data valuation metric suited to address our two-pronged goal of maximizing both performance and fairness, which is more computationally efficient than existing metrics. We then show how FADO can be applied as the basis for unfairness mitigation pre-processing techniques. Our methods achieve promising results -- up to a 40 p.p. improvement in fairness at a less than 1 p.p. loss in performance compared to a baseline -- and promote fairness in a data-centric way, where a deeper understanding of data quality takes center stage.

Along with the rapid evolution of mobile communication technologies, such as 5G, there has been a drastically increase in telecom fraud, which significantly dissipates individual fortune and social wealth. In recent years, graph mining techniques are gradually becoming a mainstream solution for detecting telecom fraud. However, the graph imbalance problem, caused by the Pareto principle, brings severe challenges to graph data mining. This is a new and challenging problem, but little previous work has been noticed. In this paper, we propose a Graph ATtention network with COst-sensitive BOosting (GAT-COBO) for the graph imbalance problem. First, we design a GAT-based base classifier to learn the embeddings of all nodes in the graph. Then, we feed the embeddings into a well-designed cost-sensitive learner for imbalanced learning. Next, we update the weights according to the misclassification cost to make the model focus more on the minority class. Finally, we sum the node embeddings obtained by multiple cost-sensitive learners to obtain a comprehensive node representation, which is used for the downstream anomaly detection task. Extensive experiments on two real-world telecom fraud detection datasets demonstrate that our proposed method is effective for the graph imbalance problem, outperforming the state-of-the-art GNNs and GNN-based fraud detectors. In addition, our model is also helpful for solving the widespread over-smoothing problem in GNNs. The GAT-COBO code and datasets are available at https://github.com/xxhu94/GAT-COBO.

This budget represents a maximal privacy violation that any user is willing to face by contributing their data to the training set. We argue that this approach is limited because different users may have different privacy expectations. Thus, setting a uniform privacy budget across all points may be overly conservative for some users or, conversely, not sufficiently protective for others. In this paper, we capture these preferences through individualized privacy budgets. To demonstrate their practicality, we introduce a variant of Differentially Private Stochastic Gradient Descent (DP-SGD) which supports such individualized budgets. DP-SGD is the canonical approach to training models with differential privacy. We modify its data sampling and gradient noising mechanisms to arrive at our approach, which we call Individualized DP-SGD (IDP-SGD). Because IDP-SGD provides privacy guarantees tailored to the preferences of individual users and their data points, we find it empirically improves privacy-utility trade-offs.

Machine learning, classification and prediction models have applications across a range of fields. Sport analytics is an increasingly popular application, but most existing work is focused on automated refereeing in mainstream sports and injury prevention. Research on other sports, such as table tennis, has only recently started gaining more traction. This paper proposes the use of machine learning to predict the outcome of table tennis single matches. We use player and match statistics as features and evaluate their relative importance in an ablation study. In terms of models, a number of popular models were explored. We found that 5-fold cross-validation and hyperparameter tuning was crucial to improve model performance. We investigated different feature aggregation strategies in our ablation study to demonstrate the robustness of the models. Different models performed comparably, with the accuracy of the results (61-70%) matching state-of-the-art models in comparable sports, such as tennis. The results can serve as a baseline for future table tennis prediction models, and can feed back to prediction research in similar ball sports.

This paper introduces Amazon Robotic Manipulation Benchmark (ARMBench), a large-scale, object-centric benchmark dataset for robotic manipulation in the context of a warehouse. Automation of operations in modern warehouses requires a robotic manipulator to deal with a wide variety of objects, unstructured storage, and dynamically changing inventory. Such settings pose challenges in perceiving the identity, physical characteristics, and state of objects during manipulation. Existing datasets for robotic manipulation consider a limited set of objects or utilize 3D models to generate synthetic scenes with limitation in capturing the variety of object properties, clutter, and interactions. We present a large-scale dataset collected in an Amazon warehouse using a robotic manipulator performing object singulation from containers with heterogeneous contents. ARMBench contains images, videos, and metadata that corresponds to 235K+ pick-and-place activities on 190K+ unique objects. The data is captured at different stages of manipulation, i.e., pre-pick, during transfer, and after placement. Benchmark tasks are proposed by virtue of high-quality annotations and baseline performance evaluation are presented on three visual perception challenges, namely 1) object segmentation in clutter, 2) object identification, and 3) defect detection. ARMBench can be accessed at http://armbench.com

In order for artificial agents to successfully perform tasks in changing environments, they must be able to both detect and adapt to novelty. However, visual novelty detection research often only evaluates on repurposed datasets such as CIFAR-10 originally intended for object classification, where images focus on one distinct, well-centered object. New benchmarks are needed to represent the challenges of navigating the complex scenes of an open world. Our new NovelCraft dataset contains multimodal episodic data of the images and symbolic world-states seen by an agent completing a pogo stick assembly task within a modified Minecraft environment. In some episodes, we insert novel objects of varying size within the complex 3D scene that may impact gameplay. Our visual novelty detection benchmark finds that methods that rank best on popular area-under-the-curve metrics may be outperformed by simpler alternatives when controlling false positives matters most. Further multimodal novelty detection experiments suggest that methods that fuse both visual and symbolic information can improve time until detection as well as overall discrimination. Finally, our evaluation of recent generalized category discovery methods suggests that adapting to new imbalanced categories in complex scenes remains an exciting open problem.

As an emerging concept cognitive learning model, partial order formal structure analysis (POFSA) has been widely used in the field of knowledge processing. In this paper, we propose the method named three-way causal attribute partial order structure (3WCAPOS) to evolve the POFSA from set coverage to causal coverage in order to increase the interpretability and classification performance of the model. First, the concept of causal factor (CF) is proposed to evaluate the causal correlation between attributes and decision attributes in the formal decision context. Then, combining CF with attribute partial order structure, the concept of causal attribute partial order structure is defined and makes set coverage evolve into causal coverage. Finally, combined with the idea of three-way decision, 3WCAPOS is formed, which makes the purity of nodes in the structure clearer and the changes between levels more obviously. In addition, the experiments are carried out from the classification ability and the interpretability of the structure through the six datasets. Through these experiments, it is concluded the accuracy of 3WCAPOS is improved by 1% - 9% compared with classification and regression tree, and more interpretable and the processing of knowledge is more reasonable compared with attribute partial order structure. Keywords: Formal concept analysis, Three-way decision, Attribute partial order structure, Causal inference, Causal factor 1. Introduction Attribute partial order structure analysis (APOSA) is an important method in the field of Concept-cognitive learning (CCL) [4, 31, 32, 19], which explores the relationship between attributes from the perspective of human cognition.

Over the past decade, programmatic advertising has received a great deal of attention in the online advertising industry. A real-time bidding (RTB) system is rapidly becoming the most popular method to buy and sell online advertising impressions. Within the RTB system, demand-side platforms (DSP) aim to spend advertisers' campaign budgets efficiently while maximizing profit, seeking impressions that result in high user responses, such as clicks or installs. In the current study, we investigate the process of predicting a mobile gaming app installation from the point of view of a particular DSP, while paying attention to user privacy, and exploring the trade-off between privacy preservation and model performance. There are multiple levels of potential threats to user privacy, depending on the privacy leaks associated with the data-sharing process, such as data transformation or de-anonymization. To address these concerns, privacy-preserving techniques were proposed, such as cryptographic approaches, for training privacy-aware machine-learning models. However, the ability to train a mobile gaming app installation prediction model without using user-level data, can prevent these threats and protect the users' privacy, even though the model's ability to predict may be impaired. Additionally, current laws might force companies to declare that they are collecting data, and might even give the user the option to opt out of such data collection, which might threaten companies' business models in digital advertising, which are dependent on the collection and use of user-level data. We conclude that privacy-aware models might still preserve significant capabilities, enabling companies to make better decisions, dependent on the privacy-efficacy trade-off utility function of each case.

In some scenarios, classifier requires detecting out-of-distribution samples far from its training data. With desirable characteristics, reconstruction autoencoder-based methods deal with this problem by using input reconstruction error as a metric of novelty vs. normality. We formulate the essence of such approach as a quadruplet domain translation with an intrinsic bias to only query for a proxy of conditional data uncertainty. Accordingly, an improvement direction is formalized as maximumly compressing the autoencoder's latent space while ensuring its reconstructive power for acting as a described domain translator. From it, strategies are introduced including semantic reconstruction, data certainty decomposition and normalized L2 distance to substantially improve original methods, which together establish state-of-the-art performance on various benchmarks, e.g., the FPR@95%TPR of CIFAR-100 vs. TinyImagenet-crop on Wide-ResNet is 0.2%. Importantly, our method works without any additional data, hard-to-implement structure, time-consuming pipeline, and even harming the classification accuracy of known classes.

Segmentation uncertainty models predict a distribution over plausible segmentations for a given input, which they learn from the annotator variation in the training set. However, in practice these annotations can differ systematically in the way they are generated, for example through the use of different labeling tools. This results in datasets that contain both data variability and differing label styles. In this paper, we demonstrate that applying state-of-the-art segmentation uncertainty models on such datasets can lead to model bias caused by the different label styles. We present an updated modelling objective conditioning on labeling style for aleatoric uncertainty estimation, and modify two state-of-the-art-architectures for segmentation uncertainty accordingly. We show with extensive experiments that this method reduces label style bias, while improving segmentation performance, increasing the applicability of segmentation uncertainty models in the wild. We curate two datasets, with annotations in different label styles, which we will make publicly available along with our code upon publication.