One of the primary goals of systems neuroscience is to relate the structure of neural circuits to their function, yet patterns of connectivity are difficult to establish when recording from large populations in behaving organisms. Many previous approaches have attempted to estimate functional connectivity between neurons using statistical modeling of observational data, but these approaches rely heavily on parametric assumptions and are purely correlational. Recently, however, holographic photostimulation techniques have made it possible to precisely target selected ensembles of neurons, offering the possibility of establishing direct causal links. A naive method for inferring functional connections is to stimulate each individual neuron multiple times and observe the responses of cells in the local network, but this approach scales poorly with the number of neurons. Here, we propose a method based on noisy group testing that drastically increases the efficiency of this process in sparse networks. By stimulating small ensembles of neurons, we show that it is possible to recover binarized network connectivity with a number of tests that grows only logarithmically with population size under minimal statistical assumptions. Moreover, we prove that our approach, which reduces to an efficiently solvable convex optimization problem, is equivalent to Variational Bayesian inference on the binary connection weights, and we derive rigorous bounds on the posterior marginals. This allows us to extend our method to the streaming setting, where continuously updated posteriors allow for optional stopping, and we demonstrate the feasibility of inferring connectivity for networks of up to tens of thousands of neurons online.

Prior probability models are a central component of many image processing problems, but density estimation is notoriously difficult for high-dimensional signals such as photographic images. Deep neural networks have provided state-of-the-art solutions for problems such as denoising, which implicitly rely on a prior probability model of natural images. Here, we develop a robust and general methodology for making use of this implicit prior. We rely on a little-known statistical result due to Miyasawa (1961), who showed that the least-squares solution for removing additive Gaussian noise can be written directly in terms of the gradient of the log of the noisy signal density. We use this fact to develop a stochastic coarse-to-fine gradient ascent procedure for drawing high-probability samples from the implicit prior embedded within a CNN trained to perform blind (i.e., unknown noise level) least-squares denoising. A generalization of this algorithm to constrained sampling provides a method for using the implicit prior to solve any linear inverse problem, with no additional training. We demonstrate this general form of transfer learning in multiple applications, using the same algorithm to produce high-quality solutions for deblurring, super-resolution, inpainting, and compressive sensing.

This article deals with the sequential design of experiments for (deterministic or stochastic) multi-fidelity numerical simulators, that is, simulators that offer control over the accuracy of simulation of the physical phenomenon or system under study. Very often, accurate simulations correspond to high computational efforts whereas coarse simulations can be obtained at a smaller cost. In this setting, simulation results obtained at several levels of fidelity can be combined in order to estimate quantities of interest (the optimal value of the output, the probability that the output exceeds a given threshold...) in an efficient manner. To do so, we propose a new Bayesian sequential strategy called Maximal Rate of Stepwise Uncertainty Reduction (MR-SUR), that selects additional simulations to be performed by maximizing the ratio between the expected reduction of uncertainty and the cost of simulation. This generic strategy unifies several existing methods, and provides a principled approach to develop new ones. We assess its performance on several examples, including a computationally intensive problem of fire safety analysis where the quantity of interest is the probability of exceeding a tenability threshold during a building fire.

In this note we explore a fully unsupervised deep-learning framework for simulating non-linear structural equation models from observational training data. The main contribution of this note is an architecture for applying moment-matching loss functions to the edges of a causal Bayesian graph, resulting in a generative conditional-moment-matching graph-neural-network. This framework thus enables automated sampling of latent space conditional probability distributions for various graphical interventions, and is capable of generating out-of-sample interventional probabilities that are often faithful to the ground truth distributions well beyond the range contained in the training set. These methods could in principle be used in conjunction with any existing autoencoder that produces a latent space representation containing causal graph structures.

Max-margin methods for binary classification such as the support vector machine (SVM) have been extended to the structured prediction setting under the name of max-margin Markov networks ($M^3N$), or more generally structural SVMs. Unfortunately, these methods are statistically inconsistent when the relationship between inputs and labels is far from deterministic. We overcome such limitations by defining the learning problem in terms of a "max-min" margin formulation, naming the resulting method max-min margin Markov networks ($M^4N$). We prove consistency and finite sample generalization bounds for $M^4N$ and provide an explicit algorithm to compute the estimator. The algorithm achieves a generalization error of $O(1/\sqrt{n})$ for a total cost of $O(n)$ projection-oracle calls (which have at most the same cost as the max-oracle from $M^3N$). Experiments on multi-class classification, ordinal regression, sequence prediction and ranking demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The SARS-CoV-2 (Covid-19) pandemic has caused significant strain on public health institutions around the world. Contact tracing is an essential tool to change the course of the Covid-19 pandemic. Manual contact tracing of Covid-19 cases has significant challenges that limit the ability of public health authorities to minimize community infections. Personalized peer-to-peer contact tracing through the use of mobile apps has the potential to shift the paradigm. Some countries have deployed centralized tracking systems, but more privacy-protecting decentralized systems offer much of the same benefit without concentrating data in the hands of a state authority or for-profit corporations. Machine learning methods can circumvent some of the limitations of standard digital tracing by incorporating many clues and their uncertainty into a more graded and precise estimation of infection risk. The estimated risk can provide early risk awareness, personalized recommendations and relevant information to the user. Finally, non-identifying risk data can inform epidemiological models trained jointly with the machine learning predictor. These models can provide statistical evidence for the importance of factors involved in disease transmission. They can also be used to monitor, evaluate and optimize health policy and (de)confinement scenarios according to medical and economic productivity indicators. However, such a strategy based on mobile apps and machine learning should proactively mitigate potential ethical and privacy risks, which could have substantial impacts on society (not only impacts on health but also impacts such as stigmatization and abuse of personal data). Here, we present an overview of the rationale, design, ethical considerations and privacy strategy of `COVI,' a Covid-19 public peer-to-peer contact tracing and risk awareness mobile application developed in Canada.

Online Courses Udemy - Unsupervised Deep Learning in Python, Theano / Tensorflow: Autoencoders, Restricted Boltzmann Machines, Deep Neural Networks, t-SNE and PCA Created by Lazy Programmer Inc. English [Auto] Students also bought Machine Learning and AI: Support Vector Machines in Python Recommender Systems and Deep Learning in Python Natural Language Processing with Deep Learning in Python Data Science: Natural Language Processing (NLP) in Python Ensemble Machine Learning in Python: Random Forest, AdaBoost Preview this course GET COUPON CODE Description This course is the next logical step in my deep learning, data science, and machine learning series. I've done a lot of courses about deep learning, and I just released a course about unsupervised learning, where I talked about clustering and density estimation. So what do you get when you put these 2 together? In these course we'll start with some very basic stuff - principal components analysis (PCA), and a popular nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique known as t-SNE (t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding). Next, we'll look at a special type of unsupervised neural network called the autoencoder.

Scientists from South Ural State University, in collaboration with foreign colleagues, have proposed a new model for the classification of MRI images based on a deep-belief network that will help to detect malignant brain tumors faster and more accurately. The research study was published in the Journal of Big Data, indexed in the scientometric Scopus database. Glioblastoma (GBM) is a stage 4 malignant brain tumor in which a large proportion of tumor cells are reproducing at any given moment. Such tumors are life-threatening and can lead to partial or complete mental and physical disability. The study was carried out by an international group of scientists from Indian universities and South Ural State University.

This version has preliminary implementations of automatic differentiation and of arithmetic on lists. These are both useful for gradient-based optimization, such as maximum likelihood estimation and neural network training, as well as gradient-based MCMC methods. List arithmetic is helpful when dealing with models that have several groups of parameters, which are most conveniently represented using a list of vectors or matrices, rather than a single vector. You can read the documentation on these facilities here and here. Some example programs are in this repository.

What if I told a story here, how would that story start?" Thus, the summarization prompt: "My second grader asked me what this passage means: …" When a given prompt isn't working and GPT-3 keeps pivoting into other modes of completion, that may mean that one hasn't constrained it enough by imitating a correct output, and one needs to go further; writing the first few words or sentence of the target output may be necessary.