The Robotics Project (the "Hand-Eye Project") evolved within the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory under the guidance of John McCarthy, Les Earnest, Jerry Feldman, and Tom Binford. Major efforts have been undertaken to isolate and solve fundamental problems in computer vision, manipulation, and autonomous vehicles. Stereo vision and texture have been examined. Several generations of robot programming languages have resulted in AL, an intermediate-level language for commanding manipulation.

This overview takes a general look at search in problem solving, indicating some connections with topics considered in other Handbook chapters. The these general ideas are found in programs for natural second section considers algorithms that use these language understanding, information retrieval, automatic representations. In methods, which use information about the nature and this chapter of the Handbook we examine search as a tool structure of the problem domain to limit the search. Most of the Finally, the chapter reviews several well-known early examples considered are problems that are relatively easy programs based on search, together with some related to formalize. The first of these is a may be, however, that the description of a task-domain database, which describes both the current task-domain situation is too large for multiple versions to be stored situation and the goal.

AI research at CMU is closely integrated with other activities in the Computer Science Department, and to a major degree with ongoing research in the Psychology Department. Although there are over 50 faculty, staff and graduate students involved in various aspects of AI research, there is no administratively (or physically) separate AI laboratory. To underscore the interdisciplinary nature of our AI research, a significant fraction of the projects listed below are joint ventures between computer science and psychology.

The Robotics Project (the "Hand-Eye Project") evolved within the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory under the guidance of John McCarthy, Les Earnest, Jerry Feldman, and Tom Binford. Major efforts have been undertaken to isolate and solve fundamental problems in computer vision, manipulation, and autonomous vehicles. Generalized cones were introduced for modeling the geometry of 3-dimensional objects, and programs were constructed which learned structural descriptions of objects from laser-ranging data ("structured light"). Stereo vision and texture have been examined. Several generations of robot programming languages have resulted in AL, an intermediate-level language for commanding manipulation. A computer-controlled roving vehicle ("the cart") detected obstacles (using 9-eyed stereo) and planned paths to avoid them.

Section 1. Principal Office The principal office of the corporation in the State of California shall be located in the City Section 2. Special Meetings Special meetings of the members of Menlo Park, County of San Mateo Section 1. Classes of Members: The corporation shall have two Section 4 Notice of Special Meeting Notice stating the place, classes of members Regular and Student Student members day, and haul of any special meeting of members shall be have all of the rights and privileges of regular members except delivered either personally, or by mail, telephone, telegram, or that student members shall not be allowed to vote. Section 5 Quorum The persons present at the Annual Meeting Section 3. Membership A person becomes a mcmbel (regular shall constitute a quorum at this meeting, including all adjourned or student) upon acceptance of an application for membership by or continued meetings At any other meeting of the members, the Executive Council and payment of dues Section 6 Proxies, No person, whether a member or not, may vote the proxy of any regular member. Section 5 Termination of Membership The Executive Council, by affirmative vote of two-thirds of all of the members of the Section 7 All voting at meetings shall be by show of hand Council, may suspend or expel a member after an appropriate unless a secret ballot is requested by any member. All voting, hearing Failure to maintain current dues payments shall be whether written or oral, shall bc completed and tabulated prior to automatic grounds for termination of membership. Section 6. Resignation Any member may resign by filing a written resignation with the Secretary-Treasurer, EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Section 7 Reinstatement Upon written request by a former Section I General Power s The affairs of the corporation, member filed with the Secretary-Treasmer, the Executive including the setting of all dues and qualification of members, Council, by majority vote, may reinstate a former member shall be managed by its Executive Council Councilors of the Executive Council must be members of the corporation Section 8. Transfer of Membership Membership in this corporation is not transferable or assignable Section 2 Number, Qualification and Tenure After the initial 38 Al MAGAZINE Winter 1980-81 period of organization of the corporation, the Executive Council Council, or any vacancy by reason of an increase in the number shall consist of the Officers, as identified in Article V, twelve of members of the Executive Council, shall be filled by the individuals elected by the membership for three year terms, and Executive Council.

This chapter from the Mycin book is a brief overview of van Melle's Ph.D. dissertation (Stanford, Computer Science), and is a shortened and edited version of a paper appearing in Pergamon-lnfotech state of the art report on machine intelligence, pp. 249-263. Maidenhead, Berkshire, U.K.: Infotech Ltd., 1981. Mycin Book (1984)

Summary of PhD thesis, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, January, 1980,Stanford Rep. Nos. HPP-80-2, STAN-CS-80-784

"Practice, and the performance improvement that it engenders, has long been a major topic in psychology. In this paper, both experimental and theoretical approaches are employed in an investigation of the mechanisms underlying this improvement On the experimental side, it is argued that a single law, the power law of practice, adequately describes all of the practice data. On the theoretical side, a model of practice rooted in modern cognitive psychology, the chunking theory of learning, is formulated. The paper consists of (1) the presentation of a set of empirical practice curves; (2) mathematical investigations into the nature of power law functions; (3) evaluations of the ability of three different classes of functions to adequately model the empirical curves; (4) a discussion of the existing models of practice; (5) a presentation of the chunking theory of learning." In J. R. Anderson (Ed.). Cognitive Skills and their Acquisition (pp. 1-55). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Over the past two years we have started a program of On the theoretical side, Professor Randall Davis has research into the development of VLSI systems. They have introduced a descriptive formalism called OMEGA, which contributes to many of the issues of Traditional automated synthesis techniques for circuit current concern in knowlege representation, and they have design are restricted to small classes of circuit functions for applied it to describe the various structured entities such as which mathematical methods exist. Sussman and his group have developed computer-aided design tools that can be of much broader assistance. Guy L. Steele developed a language to support such programming, Johan de Kleer studied causal and Professor Marvin Minsky has worked on a theory of human teleological reasoning in the recognition of circuit function thinking, which likens the mind to a society of agents and from schematics, and Howie Shrobe has worked on constraint attempts to combine a number of insights from satisfaction and the development of an interactive knowledgebased psychoanalytic, developmental, and cognitive theories of system for substantially supporting VLSI design. Further work by Richard Greenblatt and Dr. Lucia Doyle has studied belief revision via truth maintenance and Vaina develops the idea of thread memory.

The Heuristic Programming Project of the Stanford University Computer Science Department is a laboratory of about fifty people whose main goals are to model the nature of scientific reasoning processes in various types of scientific problems and various areas of science and medicine; and to construct expert systems — programs that achieve high levels of performance on tasks that normally require significant human expertise for their solution.