These algorithms typically recoveracausal graph uptoits Markovequivalence class anditisknowntobefundamentally impossible tolearn causal relationships solely based on observational data.

All computational procedures were performed either on a desktop workstation running Ubuntu 18.04 By minimising off-target activation, Bayesian target optimisation could enable (e.g.) Here we provide further mathematical details for optimising holographic stimuli. Next we must evaluate the partial derivative on the right-hand side of Equation 13. The covariance between a GP and its derivative is given by [40, Sec 9.4] Simulations consisted of both ORF mapping and stimulus optimisation phases. For reference, a typical ORF mean function is given in Figure S2.

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