Predictive coding is a message-passing framework initially developed to model information processing in the brain, and now also topic of research in machine learning due to some interesting properties. One of such properties is the natural ability of generative models to learn robust representations thanks to their peculiar credit assignment rule, that allows neural activities to converge to a solution before updating the synaptic weights. Graph neural networks are also message-passing models, which have recently shown outstanding results in diverse types of tasks in machine learning, providing interdisciplinary state-of-the-art performance on structured data. However, they are vulnerable to imperceptible adversarial attacks, and unfit for out-of-distribution generalization. In this work, we address this by building models that have the same structure of popular graph neural network architectures, but rely on the message-passing rule of predictive coding. Through an extensive set of experiments, we show that the proposed models are (i) comparable to standard ones in terms of performance in both inductive and transductive tasks, (ii) better calibrated, and (iii) robust against multiple kinds of adversarial attacks.

This paper brings together two lines of research: factor-based models of case-based reasoning (CBR) and the logical specification of classifiers. Logical approaches to classifiers capture the connection between features and outcomes in classifier systems. Factor-based reasoning is a popular approach to reasoning by precedent in AI & Law. Horty (2011) has developed the factor-based models of precedent into a theory of precedential constraint. In this paper we combine the modal logic approach (binary-input classifier, BLC) to classifiers and their explanations given by Liu & Lorini (2021) with Horty's account of factor-based CBR, since both a classifier and CBR map sets of features to decisions or classifications. We reformulate case bases of Horty in the language of BCL, and give several representation results. Furthermore, we show how notions of CBR, e.g. reason, preference between reasons, can be analyzed by notions of classifier system.

Large language models that are capable of zero or few-shot prompting approaches have given rise to the new research area of prompt engineering. Recent advances showed that for example Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompts can improve arithmetic or common sense tasks significantly. We explore how such approaches fare with legal reasoning tasks and take the COLIEE entailment task based on the Japanese Bar exam for testing zero-shot/few-shot and fine-tuning approaches. Our findings show that while CoT prompting and fine-tuning with explanations approaches show improvements, the best results are produced by prompts that are derived from specific legal reasoning techniques such as IRAC (Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion). Based on our experiments we improve the 2021 best result from 0.7037 accuracy to 0.8148 accuracy and beat the 2022 best system of 0.6789 accuracy with an accuracy of 0.7431.

People are not very good at detecting lies, which may explain why they refrain from accusing others of lying, given the social costs attached to false accusations - both for the accuser and the accused. Here we consider how this social balance might be disrupted by the availability of lie-detection algorithms powered by Artificial Intelligence. Will people elect to use lie detection algorithms that perform better than humans, and if so, will they show less restraint in their accusations? We built a machine learning classifier whose accuracy (67\%) was significantly better than human accuracy (50\%) in a lie-detection task and conducted an incentivized lie-detection experiment in which we measured participants' propensity to use the algorithm, as well as the impact of that use on accusation rates. We find that the few people (33\%) who elect to use the algorithm drastically increase their accusation rates (from 25\% in the baseline condition up to 86% when the algorithm flags a statement as a lie). They make more false accusations (18pp increase), but at the same time, the probability of a lie remaining undetected is much lower in this group (36pp decrease). We consider individual motivations for using lie detection algorithms and the social implications of these algorithms.

Does AI have the capacity to think independently or to feel empathy? And would you end up with some AI machines being very conservative and others being very liberal? Their conclusions are going to be based on the data they are given. We live in the age of alternative truths. So effectively even if they speak their "minds" it's speech based on the data they've been fed.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the main ethical issues related to the impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on human society. AI is the use of machines to do things that would normally require human intelligence. In many areas of human life, AI has rapidly and significantly affected human society and the ways we interact with each other. It will continue to do so. Along the way, AI has presented substantial ethical and socio-political challenges that call for a thorough philosophical and ethical analysis. Its social impact should be studied so as to avoid any negative repercussions. AI systems are becoming more and more autonomous, apparently rational, and intelligent. This comprehensive development gives rise to numerous issues. In addition to the potential harm and impact of AI technologies on our privacy, other concerns include their moral and legal status (including moral and legal rights), their possible moral agency and patienthood, and issues related to their possible personhood and even dignity. It is common, however, to distinguish the following issues as of utmost significance with respect to AI and its relation to human society, according to three different time periods: (1) short-term (early 21st century): autonomous systems (transportation, weapons), machine bias in law, privacy and surveillance, the black box problem and AI decision-making; (2) mid-term (from the 2040s to the end of the century): AI governance, confirming the moral and legal status of intelligent machines (artificial moral agents), human-machine interaction, mass automation; (3) long-term (starting with the 2100s): technological singularity, mass unemployment, space colonisation. This section discusses why AI is of utmost importance for our systems of ethics and morality, given the increasing human-machine interaction. AI may mean several different things and it is defined in many different ways. When Alan Turing introduced the so-called Turing test (which he called an'imitation game') in his famous 1950 essay about whether machines can think, the term'artificial intelligence' had not yet been introduced. Turing considered whether machines can think, and suggested that it would be clearer to replace that question with the question of whether it might be possible to build machines that could imitate humans so convincingly that people would find it difficult to tell whether, for example, a written message comes from a computer or from a human (Turing 1950). The term'AI' was coined in 1955 by a group of researchers--John McCarthy, Marvin L. Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester and Claude E. Shannon--who organised a famous two-month summer workshop at Dartmouth College on the'Study of Artificial Intelligence' in 1956. This event is widely recognised as the very beginning of the study of AI.

Today, Canva announces Magic Write, a text-generation tool that can generate everything from ideas for blog posts to a cover letter. But AI text is quietly -- and probably inevitably -- moving into more products you'll use on a regular basis. AI art is already there. Microsoft Designer, a visual design tool that seamlessly integrates text-to-image AI art is in preview and should eventually be part of Microsoft 365. But rival Canva, which staked out its own text-to-image AI art space before Designer launched, is moving further into Microsoft's territory with the new Magic Write feature for Canva Docs.

The arrival of the metaverse is transforming experiences for both customers and employees across multiple industries, giving us a glimpse of how the future could look. According to Gartner, by 2026 30% of companies worldwide will have meta-ready products and services. The convergence of new technologies such as Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are enabling companies to not only simplify business processes and improve decision making, but revolutionise the ways customers can interact and experience products and services. While there is plenty of debate on the social and legal aspects of the metaverse, these new immersive worlds are turning virtual experiences into products and opening up new business opportunities. Banks have been quick to hop on the metaverse trend towards data-driven interactive self-help and decisions to transform customer experience, business operations and increase efficiencies.

Type "Teddy bears working on new AI research on the moon in the 1980s" into any of the recently released text-to-image artificial intelligence image generators, and after just a few seconds the sophisticated software will produce an eerily pertinent image. Seemingly bound by only your imagination, this latest trend in synthetic media has delighted many, inspired others and struck fear in some. Google, research firm OpenAI and AI vendor Stability AI have each developed a text-to-image image generator powerful enough that some observers are questioning whether in the future people will be able to trust the photographic record. As a computer scientist who specializes in image forensics, I have been thinking a lot about this technology: what it is capable of, how each of the tools have been rolled out to the public, and what lessons can be learned as this technology continues its ballistic trajectory. Although their digital precursor dates back to 1997, the first synthetic images splashed onto the scene just five years ago.

For many online, Lensa AI is a cheap, accessible profile picture generator. But in digital art circles, the popularity of artificial intelligence-generated art has raised major privacy and ethics concerns. Lensa, which launched as a photo editing app in 2018, went viral last month after releasing its "magic avatars" feature. It uses a minimum of 10 user-uploaded images and the neural network Stable Diffusion to generate portraits in a variety of digital art styles. Social media has been flooded with Lensa AI portraits, from photorealistic paintings to more abstract illustrations.