Optimizing the phrasing of argumentative text is crucial in higher education and professional development. However, assessing whether and how the different claims in a text should be revised is a hard task, especially for novice writers. In this work, we explore the main challenges to identifying argumentative claims in need of specific revisions. By learning from collaborative editing behaviors in online debates, we seek to capture implicit revision patterns in order to develop approaches aimed at guiding writers in how to further improve their arguments. We systematically compare the ability of common word embedding models to capture the differences between different versions of the same text, and we analyze their impact on various types of writing issues. To deal with the noisy nature of revision-based corpora, we propose a new sampling strategy based on revision distance. Opposed to approaches from prior work, such sampling can be done without employing additional annotations and judgments. Moreover, we provide evidence that using contextual information and domain knowledge can further improve prediction results. How useful a certain type of context is, depends on the issue the claim is suffering from, though.

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is a system of financial products and services built and delivered through smart contracts on various blockchains. In the past year, DeFi has gained popularity and market capitalization. However, it has also been connected to crime, in particular, various types of securities violations. The lack of Know Your Customer requirements in DeFi poses challenges to governments trying to mitigate potential offending in this space. This study aims to uncover whether this problem is suited to a machine learning approach, namely, whether we can identify DeFi projects potentially engaging in securities violations based on their tokens' smart contract code. We adapt prior work on detecting specific types of securities violations across Ethereum, building classifiers based on features extracted from DeFi projects' tokens' smart contract code (specifically, opcode-based features). Our final model is a random forest model that achieves an 80\% F-1 score against a baseline of 50\%. Notably, we further explore the code-based features that are most important to our model's performance in more detail, analyzing tokens' Solidity code and conducting cosine similarity analyses. We find that one element of the code our opcode-based features may be capturing is the implementation of the SafeMath library, though this does not account for the entirety of our features. Another contribution of our study is a new data set, comprised of (a) a verified ground truth data set for tokens involved in securities violations and (b) a set of legitimate tokens from a reputable DeFi aggregator. This paper further discusses the potential use of a model like ours by prosecutors in enforcement efforts and connects it to the wider legal context.

Sam Altman, the CEO of artificial intelligence lab OpenAI, told a Senate panel he welcomes federal regulation on the technology "to mitigate" its risks. The artificial intelligence field needs an international watchdog to regulate future superintelligence, according to the founder of OpenAI. In a blog post from CEO Sam Altman and company leaders Greg Brockman and Ilya Sutskever, the group said – given potential existential risk – the world "can't just be reactive," comparing the tech to nuclear energy. To that end, they suggested coordination among leading development efforts, highlighting that there are "many ways this could be implemented," including a project set up by major governments or curbs on annual growth rates. "Second, we are likely to eventually need something like an IAEA for superintelligence efforts; any effort above a certain capability (or resources like compute) threshold will need to be subject to an international authority that can inspect systems, require audits, test for compliance with safety standards, place restrictions on degrees of deployment and levels of security, etc." they asserted.

OpenAI CEO Sam Altman took questions from reporters after his congressional hearing, including defining "scary AI." Artificial intelligence could become so powerful that it replaces professional experts "in most domains" within the next decade, OpenAI CEO Sam Altman warned. Altman, the chief of the AI lab behind popular platforms such as ChatGPT, published a blog post this week with two other OpenAI leaders, Greg Brockman and Ilya Sutskever, warning that "we must mitigate the risks of today's AI technology. "It's conceivable that within the next ten years, AI systems will exceed expert skill level in most domains, and carry out as much productive activity as one of today's largest corporations," reads the post, which was published on OpenAI's website. "In terms of both potential upsides and downsides, superintelligence will be more powerful than other technologies humanity has had to contend with in the past. We can have a dramatically more prosperous future; but we have to manage risk to get there," the post continued. OPENAI CEO SAM ALTMAN REVEALS WHAT HE THINKS IS'SCARY' ABOUT AI Sam Altman, CEO and co-founder of OpenAI, speaks during a Senate Judiciary subcommittee hearing in Washington, D.C., on May 16, 2023. Altman and his fellow OpenAI executives compared artificial intelligence to nuclear energy and synthetic biology, arguing that regulations must be handled with "special treatment and coordination" to be effective. They suggested that a version of the International Atomic Energy Agency will be needed to regulate the "superintelligence" technology. "Any effort above a certain capability (or resources like compute) threshold will need to be subject to an international authority that can inspect systems, require audits, test for compliance with safety standards, place restrictions on degrees of deployment and levels of security, etc," they wrote. Altman appeared before Congress this month to discuss how to regulate artificial intelligence, saying he welcomes U.S. leaders to craft such rules. Following the hearing, Altman provided examples of "scary AI" to Fox News Digital, which included systems that could design "novel biological pathogens." "An AI that could hack into computer systems," he said. "I think these are all scary.

Algorithms play a crucial role in many technological systems that control or affect various aspects of our lives. As a result, providing explanations for their decisions to address the needs of users and organisations is increasingly expected by laws, regulations, codes of conduct, and the public. However, as laws and regulations do not prescribe how to meet such expectations, organisations are often left to devise their own approaches to explainability, inevitably increasing the cost of compliance and good governance. Hence, we envision Explainability-by-Design, a holistic methodology characterised by proactive measures to include explanation capability in the design of decision-making systems. The methodology consists of three phases: (A) Explanation Requirement Analysis, (B) Explanation Technical Design, and (C) Explanation Validation. This paper describes phase (B), a technical workflow to implement explanation capability from requirements elicited by domain experts for a specific application context. Outputs of this phase are a set of configurations, allowing a reusable explanation service to exploit logs provided by the target application to create provenance traces of the application's decisions. The provenance then can be queried to extract relevant data points, which can be used in explanation plans to construct explanations personalised to their consumers. Following the workflow, organisations can design their decision-making systems to produce explanations that meet the specified requirements. To facilitate the process, we present a software architecture with reusable components to incorporate the resulting explanation capability into an application. Finally, we applied the workflow to two application scenarios and measured the associated development costs. It was shown that the approach is tractable in terms of development time, which can be as low as two hours per sentence.

As the deployment of pre-trained language models (PLMs) expands, pressing security concerns have arisen regarding the potential for malicious extraction of training data, posing a threat to data privacy. This study is the first to provide a comprehensive survey of training data extraction from PLMs. Our review covers more than 100 key papers in fields such as natural language processing and security. First, preliminary knowledge is recapped and a taxonomy of various definitions of memorization is presented. The approaches for attack and defense are then systemized. Furthermore, the empirical findings of several quantitative studies are highlighted. Finally, future research directions based on this review are suggested.

Influence operations are large-scale efforts to manipulate public opinion. The rapid detection and disruption of these operations is critical for healthy public discourse. Emergent AI technologies may enable novel operations which evade current detection methods and influence public discourse on social media with greater scale, reach, and specificity. New methods with inductive learning capacity will be needed to identify these novel operations before they indelibly alter public opinion and events. We develop an inductive learning framework which: 1) determines content- and graph-based indicators that are not specific to any operation; 2) uses graph learning to encode abstract signatures of coordinated manipulation; and 3) evaluates generalization capacity by training and testing models across operations originating from Russia, China, and Iran. We find that this framework enables strong cross-operation generalization while also revealing salient indicators$\unicode{x2013}$illustrating a generic approach which directly complements transductive methodologies, thereby enhancing detection coverage.

This article presents a 5-level AI Capability Assessment Model (AI-CAM) and a related AI Capabilities Matrix (AI-CM) to assist practitioners in AI comprehension and adoption. These practical tools were developed with business executives, technologists, and other organisational stakeholders in mind. They are founded on a comprehensive conception of AI compared to those in other AI adoption models and are also open-source artefacts. Thus, the AI-CAM and AI-CM present an accessible resource to help inform organisational decision-makers on the capability requirements for (1) AI-based data analytics use cases based on machine learning technologies; (2) Knowledge representation to engineer and represent data, information and knowledge using semantic technologies; and (3) AI-based solutions that seek to emulate human reasoning and decision-making. The AI-CAM covers the core capability dimensions (business, data, technology, organisation, AI skills, risks, and ethical considerations) required at the five capability maturity levels to achieve optimal use of AI in organisations. The AI-CM details the related individual and team-level capabilities needed to reach each level in organisational AI capability; it, therefore, extends and enriches existing perspectives by introducing knowledge and skills requirements at all levels of an organisation. It posits three levels of AI proficiency: (1) Basic, for operational users who interact with AI and participate in AI adoption; (2) Advanced, for professionals who are charged with comprehending AI and developing related business models and strategies; and (3) Expert, for computer engineers, data scientists, and knowledge engineers participating in the design and implementation of AIbased technologies to support business use cases. In conclusion, the AI-CAM and AI-CM present a valuable resource for practitioners, businesses, and technologists, looking to innovate using AI technologies and maximise the return to their organisations.

Conventional approaches to text classification typically assume the existence of a fixed set of predefined labels to which a given text can be classified. However, in real-world applications, there exists an infinite label space for describing a given text. In addition, depending on the aspect (sentiment, topic, etc.) and domain of the text (finance, legal, etc.), the interpretation of the label can vary greatly. This makes the task of text classification, particularly in the zero-shot scenario, extremely challenging. In this paper, we investigate the task of zero-shot text classification with the aim of improving the ability of pre-trained language models (PLMs) to generalize to both seen and unseen data across varying aspects and domains. To solve this we introduce two new simple yet effective pre-training strategies, Implicit and Explicit pre-training. These methods inject aspect-level understanding into the model at train time with the goal of conditioning the model to build task-level understanding. To evaluate this, we construct and release UTCD, a new benchmark dataset for evaluating text classification in zero-shot settings. Experimental results on UTCD show that our approach achieves improved zero-shot generalization on a suite of challenging datasets across an array of zero-shot formalizations.

Deep learning has made significant progress in the past decade, and demonstrates potential to solve problems with extensive social impact. In high-stakes decision making areas such as law, experts often require interpretability for automatic systems to be utilized in practical settings. In this work, we attempt to address these requirements applied to the important problem of legal citation prediction (LCP). We design the task with parallels to the thought-process of lawyers, i.e., with reference to both precedents and legislative provisions. After initial experimental results, we refine the target citation predictions with the feedback of legal experts. Additionally, we introduce a prototype architecture to add interpretability, achieving strong performance while adhering to decision parameters used by lawyers. Our study builds on and leverages the state-of-the-art language processing models for law, while addressing vital considerations for high-stakes tasks with practical societal impact.