Deep learning (DL) models are being deployed at medical centers to aid radiologists for diagnosis of lung conditions from chest radiographs. Such models are often trained on a large volume of publicly available labeled radiographs. These pre-trained DL models' ability to generalize in clinical settings is poor because of the changes in data distributions between publicly available and privately held radiographs. In chest radiographs, the heterogeneity in distributions arises from the diverse conditions in X-ray equipment and their configurations used for generating the images. In the machine learning community, the challenges posed by the heterogeneity in the data generation source is known as domain shift, which is a mode shift in the generative model. In this work, we introduce a domain-shift detection and removal method to overcome this problem. Our experimental results show the proposed method's effectiveness in deploying a pre-trained DL model for abnormality detection in chest radiographs in a clinical setting.

Fitting regression models with many multivariate responses and covariates can be challenging, but such responses and covariates sometimes have tensor-variate structure. We extend the classical multivariate regression model to exploit such structure in two ways: first, we impose four types of low-rank tensor formats on the regression coefficients. Second, we model the errors using the tensor-variate normal distribution that imposes a Kronecker separable format on the covariance matrix. We obtain maximum likelihood estimators via block-relaxation algorithms and derive their asymptotic distributions. Our regression framework enables us to formulate tensor-variate analysis of variance (TANOVA) methodology. Application of our methodology in a one-way TANOVA layout enables us to identify cerebral regions significantly associated with the interaction of suicide attempters or non-attemptor ideators and positive-, negative- or death-connoting words. A separate application performs three-way TANOVA on the Labeled Faces in the Wild image database to distinguish facial characteristics related to ethnic origin, age group and gender.

Retired Col. Douglas MacGregor has been a vocal proponent of withdrawing from Afghanistan, Syria and South Korea; Jennifer Griffin reports. As it stands, more than 55,000 active-duty U.S. soldiers – wracked by war wounds and injuries – are deemed non-deployable. In 2018, more than half of all active-duty soldiers sustained some form of physical trauma – with over 70% diagnosed as lower extremity micro-traumatic musculoskeletal (MSK) or "overuse" injuries. And aside from the gaping hole it leaves in the defense and security arena, the medical costs related to MSK ailments across all military branches cost the U.S. taxpayer more than $575 million per year. The U.S Marines using the Sparta Science system were taken at the School of Infantry – West Training Command at MCB Camp Pendleton, California. But in a bid to solve the impasse and cut down on costs, the Department of Defense is turning to an emerging new force plate and machine learning technology – from Sparta Science – to pinpoint potential problem points to prevent future maladies, zap the attrition rate and increase physical readiness.

Two years ago, NASA's InSight spacecraft alighted on the surface of Mars, aiming to glean clues to the planet's interior from the shaking of distant earthquakes and deep heat leaking from its soil. Mars, it turned out, had other ideas. Its sticky soil has thwarted InSight's heat probe, and in recent months howling winds have deafened its sensitive seismometers. Most mysteriously, the planet hasn't been rattled by the large marsquakes that could vividly illuminate its depths. Despite these hurdles, a precious clutch of small-but-clear quakes has enabled the InSight team to see hints of boundaries in the rock, tens and hundreds of kilometers below. They are clues to the planet's formation billions of years ago, when it was a hot ball of magma and heavier elements like iron sank to form a core, while lighter rocks rose up out of the mantle to form a capping lid of crust. The results, some debuting this month at an online meeting of the American Geophysical Union (AGU), show that the planet's crust is surprisingly thin, its mantle cooler than expected, and its large iron core still molten. The findings suggest that in its infancy, Mars efficiently shed heat—perhaps through a pattern of upwelling mantle rock and subducting crust similar to plate tectonics on Earth. “This may be evidence for a far more dynamic crust formation in Mars's early days,” says Stephen Mojzsis, a planetary scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who is unaffiliated with the mission. The evidence has been hard won. Early in the mission, winds were quiet enough for InSight's seismometers, housed in a small dome placed on the surface, to hear a multitude of small quakes—nearly 500 in total. But since June, winds have shaken the surface strongly enough to smother all but a handful of new quakes. Yet frustratingly, the winds have not been strong enough to sweep away dust that is darkening the craft's solar panels and foreshadowing the mission's end sometime in the next few years. The seismometers are still running nonstop, but power constraints have forced the team to turn off a weather station when using the lander's robotic arm. “We are starting to feel the effects,” says Bruce Banerdt, InSight's principal investigator and a geophysicist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Meanwhile, the heat probe, about the length of a paper towel tube, is stuck in soil that compacted instead of crumbling as the rod tried to delve in. Mission engineers have used the robotic arm to push the probe down and scrape dirt on top. In the next month or two, they'll try once more to get the probe to burrow in, Banerdt says. “If that doesn't work, we'll call it a day and accept disappointment.” Perhaps the biggest disappointment is the lack of a marsquake larger than magnitude 4.5. The seismic waves of a large quake travel more deeply, reflecting off the core and mantle boundaries and even circling the planet on its surface. The multiple echoes of a large quake can enable just a single seismic station like InSight's to locate the quake's source. But above magnitude 4, Mars has been curiously silent—an apparent violation of the scaling laws that apply on Earth and the Moon, where 100 magnitude 3 events correspond to 10 magnitude 4 quakes, and so on. “That is a bit weird,” says Simon Stähler, a seismologist on the team from ETH Zurich. It could simply be that Mars's faults aren't big enough to sustain big strikes, or that its crust isn't brittle enough. But two moderate quakes, at magnitude 3.7 and 3.3, have been treasure troves for the mission. Traced to Cerberus Fossae, deep fissures in the crust 1600 kilometers east of the landing site that were suspected of being seismically active, the quakes sent a one-two punch of compressive pressure (P) waves, followed by sidewinding shear (S) waves, barreling toward the lander. Some of the waves were confined to the crust; others reflected off the top of the mantle. Offsets in the travel times of the P and S waves hint at the thickness of the crust and suggest distinct layers within it, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, a seismologist at the University of Cologne, said in an AGU presentation. The top layer may reflect material ground up in the planet's first billion years, a period of intense asteroid bombardment, says Steven Hauck, a planetary scientist at Case Western Reserve University. At 20 or 37 kilometers thick, depending on whether the reflections accurately trace the top of the mantle, the martian crust appears to be thinner than Earth's continental crust—a surprise. Researchers had thought that Mars, a smaller planet with less internal heat, would have built up a thicker crust, with heat escaping through limited conduction and bouts of volcanism. (Though Mars is volcanically dead today, giant volcanoes dot its surface.) A thin crust, however, might mean Mars was losing heat efficiently, recycling its early crust, rather than just building it up, perhaps through a rudimentary form of plate tectonics, Mojzsis says. A handful of distant quakes, originating some 4000 kilometers away, provided a further clue. Those waves traveled deep through the mantle and interacted with the mantle transition zone, a layer where pressure transforms the mineral olivine into wadsleyite. By analyzing the travel time of waves that passed above, below, and through the transition zone, the team located its depth—and found it shallower than expected, an indication of a cooler mantle. For the mantle to be this cool today suggests that convection—the swirling motions that, on Earth, drive tectonic plates and carry heat from the mantle to the surface—might have operated early on, says Quancheng Huang, a Ph.D. student at the University of Maryland, College Park, who presented some of the results at the AGU meeting. “Plate tectonics is a very effective way of cooling a planet.” A third science experiment aboard InSight probes deeper still, using tiny Doppler shifts in radio broadcasts sent from Earth to receivers on the probe to detect slight wobbles in the planet's spin. The size and consistency of the planet's iron core affect the wobbles, much as raw eggs spin differently from cooked ones. “We've had something like 350 hours of tracking,” says Véronique Dehant, a geophysicist at the Royal Observatory of Belgium. The preliminary results confirm that the core is liquid, with a radius compatible with previous estimates made by spacecraft measuring tiny variations in the planet's gravity, Dehant reports in her AGU poster. Those gravity estimates have found a core with a radius of about 1800 kilometers—taking up more than half the planet's diameter. Rebecca Fischer, a mineral physicist and modeler at Harvard University, isn't surprised at the signs of a liquid core. “It would be a pretty big surprise if it weren't,” she says. Sulfur and other elements mixed with the iron should help it to remain molten while cool, much as salt prevents icing. On Earth, convective motions in the molten outer core drive the magnetic dynamo. But on Mars, those motions seem to have stopped long ago—and without a magnetic field, the planet's atmosphere was vulnerable to the Sun's cosmic rays and leached water to space. Banerdt hopes to sharpen this fuzzy picture of the planet's interior, and he thinks calmer winds will soon make that possible. After two Earth years, the probe's first martian year is ending, and the quiet of the mission's first months is returning. “We're looking forward to another whole pile of event detections,” Banerdt says. And though the planet has not cooperated so far, perhaps the Big One is poised to strike Mars like a gong—a reverberation that would at last make all clear.

Gene drive organisms (GDOs), whose genomes have been genetically engineered to spread a desired allele through a population, have the potential to transform the way societies address a wide range of daunting public health and environmental challenges. The development, testing, and release of GDOs, however, are complex and often controversial. A key challenge is to clarify the appropriate roles of developers and others actively engaged in work with GDOs in decision-making processes, and, in particular, how to establish partnerships with relevant authorities and other stakeholders. Several members of the gene drive community previously proposed safeguards for laboratory experiments with GDOs ([ 1 ][1]) that, in the absence of national or international guidelines, were considered essential for responsible laboratory work to proceed. Now, with GDO development advancing in laboratories ([ 2 ][2]–[ 5 ][3]), we envision similar safeguards for the potential next step: ecologically and/or genetically confined field trials to further assess the performance of GDOs. A GDO's propensity to spread necessitates well-developed criteria for field trials to assess its potential impacts ([ 6 ][4]). We, as a multidisciplinary group of GDO developers, ecologists, conservation biologists, and experts in social science, ethics, and policy, outline commitments below that we deem critical for responsible conduct of a field trial and to ensure that these technologies, if they are introduced, serve the public interest. ![Figure][5] Characteristics and examples of gene drive organisms Two broad types of engineered approaches exist to modify populations; one requires gene drive and the other relies on non-drive technologies. Multiple examples of these types of systems exist, which can have varied temporal dynamics, including Self-Propagating (with a low threshold; predicted to spread from a GDO release that represents a small percentage of the target population), Majority Wins (with a high threshold; predicted to spread into a population only when the transgene is present in >50% of the target population), and Self-Limiting (temporally limited; can only spread or persist in a population for a short period). These systems can fall under two broad categories: Nonlocalized (predicted, on the basis of a lack of genetic/molecular confinement, to spread beyond boundaries) and Localized (predicted, on the basis of genetic/molecular confinement, to spread only within a localized population). A broad array of GDOs are in development, including those that are geographically localized, nonlocalized, temporally self-limiting, and self-propagating (see the first table). CRISPR/Cas9-based editing has expanded not only the types of GDOs that are possible ([ 2 ][2]–[ 5 ][3]) but also the societal challenges they may help to solve. In particular, major threats to human health may be eliminated by reducing the viability of and/or inducing resistance to pathogens in mosquitoes such as Aedes spp. (major vectors of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses) and Anopheles spp. (major vectors of malaria parasites), or in white-footed mice (carriers of the Lyme disease bacterium). GDOs for suppression of pest populations could also contribute greatly to biodiversity conservation, agricultural productivity, and human and animal well-being. The core commitments presented here (see the second table) are intended to address field trials of either localized GDOs (i.e., GDOs that are genetically or molecularly confined so that they will not spread indefinitely) or nonlocalized GDOs in ecologically isolated locations (e.g., limited-access islands located beyond GDO dispersal capacity, or targeting of a private allele that exists only in an isolated population). Although determinations of whether a GDO is sufficiently confined and who should make these decisions will need to be considered for each GDO and field trial site, introductions of nonlocalized GDOs into sites that are not ecologically isolated would be beyond the scope of these guidelines. We also recognize that these commitments are not enforceable in a regulatory sense; even so, we pledge to apply these commitments to our own practices, recognizing the inherent complexity of this work and our intent to contribute to a fair and ethical culture of gene drive research. These commitments are congruent with guiding principles adopted by several organizations with interests in GDO research ([ 6 ][4]–[ 8 ][6]). We extend these principles specifically to decisions on whether and how to conduct GDO field trials, which will require new and expanding collaborations. To become a signatory to these guiding principles, please visit [www.geneconvenevi.org/supporters-of-the-core-commitments-for-field-trials/][7]. Although field trials of GDOs ultimately will depend on public policy decisions, those engaged in GDO work can play critical roles in support of these decisions by generating evidence and developing evaluation strategies in fair and effective partnerships with relevant authorities and other stakeholders. That the authors of this paper are based largely in high-income countries reflects the current reality that GDO development is occurring primarily in such countries. However, fair partnership with counterparts and communities in low- and middle-income countries where many GDOs have the highest potential for positive impact underlies each of our commitments, as does recognition of the need for capacity-building and global cooperation. Fair partnership among GDO developers, communities where GDOs may be released, regulators (government officials charged with making decisions about whether and how GDOs can be tested locally, even when the regulatory pathway for GDOs may not yet be fully defined), and stakeholders and other experts ([ 6 ][4]) is critical and will require substantial time and resources ([ 9 ][8]). These stakeholders will be engaged in all stages of trial preparation ([ 10 ][9], [ 11 ][10]) and are integral to partners' understanding of existing and required scientific and regulatory capacities of each partner community or country and its political and cultural context. In addition, field site characteristics—such as disease incidence or pest exposure, vector or pest species distributions, and target population genetic background, ecology, and connectivity to surrounding populations—will require input from various stakeholders. This engagement will help to identify the best forms for multidirectional communication and learning, appropriate processes for obtaining government authorization and determining community-level agreement, and meaningful methods to ensure accountability among partners. GDO teams and local and national partners will co-define and collect baseline data needed for each trial, and will prepare an early-response team to address observations in trial-relevant measures. A media communication plan and platform for rapid dissemination of data and interim analyses to field site partners, nongovernmental organizations, and globally interested parties (e.g., open-access journals) should be considered. Plans to provide information on progress and adjustments in the trial, including changes in the release strategy or discontinuation of the study, will be determined in partnership with trial-site community members and government authorities. Transparency about funding, as well as coordination among members of more than one potential release site, is encouraged. In addition, we will work toward a global public registry for communities and laboratories intending to develop GDO applications. This presents challenges in design, implementation, and enforcement of such a registry, including the need to respect the amount of information disclosed. We commit to both these principles of openness and working to establish the tools and methods needed to facilitate fair partnership and transparency. We believe that this work will support project partnerships broadly but should be considered essential for GDO trials. Evidence of laboratory efficacy will be demonstrated prior to a GDO release ([ 12 ][11]). A draft target product profile (TPP), or similar format, detailing acceptable performance parameters and characteristics of the GDO should be prepared by the developer in consultation with regulators [e.g., ([ 13 ][12])]. Evidence of efficacy in the laboratory should include fitness of GDOs, effective release thresholds, stability (i.e., driving capacity maintained over generations), reduction in ability to transmit locally circulating pathogens, and breeding trials with wild strains, as applicable. Results of laboratory cage experiments will help to identify additional data needs. Guidelines proposed in 2015 addressed important biosecurity considerations for laboratory-based GDO research (e.g., laboratory gene drive experiments should use at least two stringent confinement strategies) ([ 1 ][1]). With our expectation that these considerations will already have been addressed before moving toward field testing, we focus here specifically on safety considerations for field testing. Tests of product safety should be conducted prior to, during, and after the release of GDOs, given that natural selection will function during each stage. Recognizing that no action or inaction can be entirely risk-free, required safety levels will be jointly defined with partners, neighboring communities, and regulatory institutions. For example, GDOs' potential to damage or alter closely related or otherwise key species should be examined. Results of experiments assessing both efficacy and safety should be made publicly available within a reasonable time frame. We commit to co-defining safety with trial partners and to openly sharing data on efficacy and safety of a GDO. At a minimum, conducting GDO field trials requires adherence to existing, and often evolving, national (or, in some cases, subnational) regulations and regional and international agreements. Developers will submit required analyses (variously known as risk, safety, and/or environmental assessments) to regulators and respond to their requests, recognizing that regulatory pathways may still be in development. Trial protocols will be reviewed for approval by local ethics boards, institutional review boards, and/or animal care and use committees. Regulators may also require protections of communities where GDOs are released, such as maintaining existing control methods or instituting these methods as a backup to GDOs, and these protections (e.g., use of insecticides or pesticides) should be incorporated into trial design. We believe risk assessment for GDO field trials should include two methodological innovations. First, new methodologies are needed to assess potential social, epidemiological, and ecological benefits and their distribution. Second, we aspire to broaden risk/benefit assessment and make it more inclusive than traditional assessments that rely on expert-defined health and environmental risks, and to explicitly consider issues that may be harder to measure, such as justice. A Procedurally Robust Risk Assessment Framework ([ 14 ][13]) is one model for expanding assessments to include risks of relevance to the social, cultural, and political context. We recognize the value of integrating indigenous and other types of local expert knowledge ([ 15 ][14]), examining socioeconomic risks, and encompassing risks and benefits of introducing or not introducing GDOs in these assessments. ![Figure][5] Core commitments for field trials of gene drive organisms GDO developers should engage and partner with communities, regulators, evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and social scientists to prepare and participate in surveillance for effectiveness and safety, and to monitor unintended consequences before, during, and after release, with accountability to various partners delineated before a field trial. Measures of GDO success will be defined before release and may include evidence of continuing biological function (e.g., prevalence of the transgene in the target population), evidence of elimination of the target population, and evidence of epidemiological, evolutionary, or ecological impacts related to a pathogen or pest. Monitoring systems will be co-designed for early detection of, for example, inadvertent introgression of the transgene into neighboring populations of the target organism or select nontarget species. They will include collection of genetic and/or genomic data of target species prior to release to be compared with post-release populations, so as to understand gene flow and genetic diversity and to characterize potential resistance alleles. Ecological studies are also critical to understanding breeding behavior and other key parameters that may affect field trial protocols. Early all-season modeling of releases at the trial site will help to inform data collection goals, including the geographic and temporal scope of collections, with a buffer zone around the immediate release site depending on the biological characteristics (e.g., dispersal range) of the target species and ecological isolation of the trial site. The length of time needed to demonstrate efficacy and safety of the GDO for wider use will be established at the beginning of the trial, aided by mathematical models. Considerations will include data needed for possible geographic scale-up. Monitoring during field trials will initially include rates of gene drive persistence and spread and will later inform epidemiological or ecological impacts. For trials with epidemiological endpoints, sufficient clinical capacity should be established early in trial design to assess changes in disease incidence. Plans for risk management—in the event of undesired escape of a transgene to neighboring communities or nontarget species; development of resistance in vector, pest, or pathogen; or unintended effects that persist in the population—will depend on the drive construct used and on input from communities, ecologists/scientists, and regulators. Before trial initiation, triggers and risk management strategies will be clearly defined. Capacity for rapid community-wide use of a chosen vector/pest countermeasure should be established, including stocking of chemical control agents (e.g., pesticides) and personnel capacity needed for implementation. The need for social remediation (i.e., responsiveness to social harm/disruption) should be addressed in the risk management plan. Use of countermeasures such as self-limiting systems (see the first table) or drive removal technologies may be considered, with these systems made available and laboratory-tested, with similar framework and rigor, before the trial begins. By presenting our commitments for field trials of GDOs, we aim to prepare for potential field trials that are scientifically, politically, and socially robust, publicly accountable, and widely transparent. Our intent is to contribute to public policy decisions on whether and how to proceed with GDOs, based on evaluations conducted in fair and effective partnerships with relevant authorities and other stakeholders. We recognize our responsibility to work openly; we acknowledge that many innovations beyond those in the laboratory are still needed; and we welcome others, including a broad array of stakeholders in partner countries, to join us in conversation about appropriate governance of this technology and to advance together equitably, safely, and responsibly. [science.sciencemag.org/content/370/6523/1417/suppl/DC1][15] 1. [↵][16]1. O. S. Akbari et al ., Science 349, 927 (2015). [OpenUrl][17][Abstract/FREE Full Text][18] 2. [↵][19]1. H. A. Grunwald et al ., Nature 566, 105 (2019). [OpenUrl][20] 3. 1. V. M. Gantz et al ., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, E6736 (2015). [OpenUrl][21][Abstract/FREE Full Text][22] 4. 1. M. Li et al ., Elife 9, e51701 (2020). [OpenUrl][23] 5. [↵][24]1. A. 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The US military has traditionally used stationary targets at firing ranges to prepare for war, but a new innovation is transforming the lifeless structures into a more realistic enemy. Camp Lejuene, a Marine Corps base in North Carolina, has adopted the'range of the future' known as G-366, which unleashes autonomous robots in the field that'fall over' when shot, charge at shooters and curse at them in 57 different dialects. Designed by Marathon Targets, the robots run on a rigged four-wheeled chassis that supports a human-shaped target and is fitted with technologies used in self-driving cars to help it navigate through the range. Commanders say they observed a 104 percent increase in combat among soldiers within just 24 hours of using the robotic targets. Camp Lejuene, a Marine Corps base in North Carolina, has adopted the'range of the future' known as G-366, which unleashes autonomous robots in the field that'fall over' when shot, charge at shooters and curse at them in 57 different dialects The robots were deployed at Camp Lejuene on December 12 for a demonstration in which 45 of the moving targets lined the range and rolled out of the woods for lifelike training scenarios.

The latest letter doesn't tie directly to the Algorithmic Accountability Act, but it is part of the same move by certain congressional members to craft legislation that would mitigate AI bias and the other harms of data-driven, automated systems. Notably, it comes amid mounting pressure for antitrust regulation. Earlier this month, the US Federal Trade Commission filed an antitrust lawsuit against Facebook for its "anticompetitive conduct and unfair methods of competition." Over the summer, House Democrats published a 449-page report on Big Tech's monopolistic practices. The letter also comes in the context of rising geopolitical tensions.

When the novel coronavirus reached Togo in March, its leaders, like those of many countries, responded with stay-at-home orders to suppress contagion and an economic assistance program to replace lost income. But the way Togo targeted and delivered that aid was in some ways more tech-centric than many larger and richer countries. No one got a paper check in the mail. Instead, Togo's government quickly assembled a system to support its poorest people with mobile cash payments--a technology more established in Africa than in the rich nations supposedly at the forefront of mobile technology. The most recent payments, funded by nonprofit GiveDirectly, were targeted with help from machine learning algorithms, which seek signs of poverty in satellite photos, and cellphone data.

California Sen. Dianne Feinstein says she hasn't thought about retiring soon despite some assertions that the 87-year-old lawmaker should step aside because her cognitive abilities have allegedly declined. "No, I haven't," she told me in response to a brief question about whether she'd considered retiring early. Her fifth full term doesn't expire until the end of 2024 when she'll be 91. There are also six other octogenarians in the Senate -- all men. The universal assumption is Feinstein won't run for reelection when her term is up.

As the Chinese government tracked and persecuted members of predominantly Muslim minority groups, technology giant Alibaba taught its corporate customers how they could play a part. Alibaba's website for its cloud computing business showed how clients could use its software to detect the faces of Uighurs and other ethnic minorities within images and videos, according to pages on the site that were discovered by the surveillance industry publication IPVM and shared with The New York Times. The feature was built into Alibaba software that helps web platforms monitor digital content for material related to terrorism, pornography and other red-flag categories, the website said. The Chinese government has swept hundreds of thousands of Uighurs and others into indoctrination camps as part of what it calls an anti-terrorism campaign. It has also rolled out a broad surveillance dragnet, using facial recognition and genetic testing, to monitor them.