The Port of Rotterdam's blockchain subsidiary, Blocklab, has been trialing a decentralized electricity trading system to help lower costs and optimize the use of renewables on its microgrid. The system, called Distro, has been jointly developed by Blocklab and S&P Global Platts and has been operational as a trial for two months. Distro uses blockchain technology, smart contracts and artificial intelligence to support the decentralized, high-frequency trading of renewable energy by commercial consumers looking to optimize and manage their energy use. It matches demand with the intermittent power generated from different sources, specifically solar and battery storage. Each market participant is allocated an AI energy-trading agent that learns their behavior, choices and needs and provides them with energy at the optimal price.

The use of AI in synthetic biology can help engineers create new methods to design genetic circuits that can vastly impact sectors such as healthcare, agriculture, and aid in environmental sustainability. Synthetic biology is a rarely talked-about subject amongst biologists. And the implementation of AI in synthetic biology is a topic that garners even less attention. However, the intersection of AI and synthetic biology can help us solve most of the problems faced in the healthcare sector, the petroleum industry, the agricultural sector, and many other fields. The two major applications of AI in synthetic biology lies in the healthcare sector and environmental sustainability, two of the most important spheres for the survival of the human race.

For more than four decades, University of California, San Diego, Professor of Physics Patrick H. Diamond and his research group have been advancing our understanding of fundamental concepts in plasma physics. Most recently, Diamond worked with graduate student Robin Heinonen on a model reduction study that used the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE)-allocated Comet supercomputer at the San Diego Supercomputer Center at UC San Diego to showcase how machine learning produced a new model for plasma turbulence. Plasmas have many applications, including fusion energy. When light nuclei fuse together, the mass of the products is less than that of the reactants, and the missing mass becomes energy – hence Albert Einstein's famous E mc2 equation. In order for this to occur, temperatures must literally reach astronomical levels, such as those found in the Sun's core.

Forecasting complex dynamical phenomena in settings where only partial knowledge of their dynamics is available is a prevalent problem across various scientific fields. While purely data-driven approaches are arguably insufficient in this context, standard physical modeling based approaches tend to be over-simplistic, inducing non-negligible errors. In this work, we introduce the APHYNITY framework, a principled approach for augmenting incomplete physical dynamics described by differential equations with deep data-driven models. It consists in decomposing the dynamics into two components: a physical component accounting for the dynamics for which we have some prior knowledge, and a data-driven component accounting for errors of the physical model. The learning problem is carefully formulated such that the physical model explains as much of the data as possible, while the data-driven component only describes information that cannot be captured by the physical model, no more, no less. This not only provides the existence and uniqueness for this decomposition, but also ensures interpretability and benefits generalization. Experiments made on three important use cases, each representative of a different family of phenomena, i.e. reaction-diffusion equations, wave equations and the nonlinear damped pendulum, show that APHYNITY can efficiently leverage approximate physical models to accurately forecast the evolution of the system and correctly identify relevant physical parameters. Modeling and forecasting complex dynamical systems is a major challenge in domains such as environment and climate (Rolnick et al., 2019), health science (Choi et al., 2016), and in many industrial applications (Toubeau et al., 2018). Model Based (MB) approaches typically rely on partial or ordinary differential equations (PDE/ODE) and stem from a deep understanding of the underlying physical phenomena.

Animals are equipped with a rich innate repertoire of sensory, behavioral and motor skills, which allows them to interact with the world immediately after birth. At the same time, many behaviors are highly adaptive and can be tailored to specific environments by means of learning. In this work, we use mathematical analysis and the framework of meta-learning (or'learning to learn') to answer when it is beneficial to learn such an adaptive strategy and when to hard-code a heuristic behavior. We find that the interplay of ecological uncertainty, task complexity and the agents' lifetime has crucial effects on the meta-learned amortized Bayesian inference performed by an agent. There exist two regimes: One in which metalearning yields a learning algorithm that implements task-dependent informationintegration and a second regime in which meta-learning imprints a heuristic or'hard-coded' behavior. Further analysis reveals that nonadaptive behaviors are not only optimal for aspects of the environment that are stable across individuals, but also in situations where an adaptation to the environment would in fact be highly beneficial, but could not be done quickly enough to be exploited within the remaining lifetime. Hard-coded behaviors should hence not only be those that always work, but also those that are too complex to be learned within a reasonable time frame. The'nature versus nurture' debate (e.g., Mutti et al., 1996; Tabery, 2014) - the question which aspects of behavior are'hard-coded' by evolution, and which are learned from experience - is one of the oldest and most controversial debates in biology.

Real-time state estimation and forecasting is critical for efficient operation of power grids. In this paper, a physics-informed Gaussian process regression (PhI-GPR) method is presented and used for probabilistic forecasting and estimating the phase angle, angular speed, and wind mechanical power of a three-generator power grid system using sparse measurements. In standard data-driven Gaussian process regression (GPR), parameterized models for the prior statistics are fit by maximizing the marginal likelihood of observed data, whereas in PhI-GPR, we compute the prior statistics by solving stochastic equations governing power grid dynamics. The short-term forecast of a power grid system dominated by wind generation is complicated by the stochastic nature of the wind and the resulting uncertain mechanical wind power. Here, we assume that the power-grid dynamic is governed by the swing equations, and we treat the unknown terms in the swing equations (specifically, the mechanical wind power) as random processes, which turns these equations into stochastic differential equations. We solve these equations for the mean and variance of the power grid system using the Monte Carlo simulations method. We demonstrate that the proposed PhI-GPR method can accurately forecast and estimate both observed and unobserved states, including the mean behavior and associated uncertainty. For observed states, we show that PhI-GPR provides a forecast comparable to the standard data-driven GPR, with both forecasts being significantly more accurate than the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) forecast. We also show that the ARIMA forecast is much more sensitive to observation frequency and measurement errors than the PhI-GPR forecast.

The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has been rapid. Worldwide, the number of IoT-connected devices is expected to reach 43 billion by 2023 – a full threefold increase from 2018 according to McKinsey, which will amount to a market forecast to surpass US$176 billion by 2022. IoT devices represent the physical manifestation of the digital transformation taking place around us. Use cases are vast – hardly any industry is exempt from its benefits. In the utility sector, for example, sensors in water pipes could feedback maintenance data to programs that predict when fractures are likely to occur.

As U.S. particle physicists contemplate their future, they find themselves victims of their own surprising success. Seven years ago, the often fractious community hammered out its current research road map and rallied around it. Thanks to that unity—and generous budgets—the Department of Energy (DOE), the field's main U.S. sponsor, has already started on almost every project on the list. So this week, as U.S. particle physicists start to drum up new ideas for the next decade in a yearlong Snowmass process—named for the Colorado ski resort where such planning exercises once took place—they have no single big project to push for (or against). And in some subfields, the next steps seem far less obvious than they were 10 years ago. “We have to be much more open minded about what particle physics and fundamental physics are,” says Young-Kee Kim of the University of Chicago, chair of the American Physical Society's division of particles and fields, which is sponsoring the planning exercise. Ten years ago, the U.S. particle physics community was in disarray. The high-energy frontier had passed to CERN, the European particle physics laboratory near Geneva, where in 2012 the world's biggest atom smasher, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), blasted out the long-sought Higgs boson, the last piece in particle physicists' standard model. Some physicists wanted the United States to build a huge experiment to fire elusive particles called neutrinos long distances through Earth to study how they “oscillate”—morph from one of their three types to another—as they zip along. Others wanted the country to help push for the next big collider. Those tensions came to a head during the last Snowmass effort in 2013, and the subsequent deliberations of the Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5), which wrote the road map. U.S. researchers agreed to build the neutrino experiment, but make it bigger and better by inviting international partners. They also decided to continue to participate fully in the LHC, and to pursue a variety of smaller projects at home (see table, below). The next collider would have to wait. Most important, DOE officials warned, the squabbling and backstabbing had to stop. In fact, physicists recall, the 2013 process had an informal motto: “Bickering scientists get nothing.” ![Figure][1] CREDIT: PARTICLE PHYSICS PROJECT PRIORITIZATION PANEL REPORT (2014) Physicists have just started to build the current plan's centerpiece. The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Illinois will shoot the particles through 1300 kilometers of rock to the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) in South Dakota, a detector filled with 40,000 tons of frigid liquid argon. LBNF/DUNE, which should come online in 2026, aims to be the definitive study of neutrino oscillations and whether they differ between neutrinos and antineutrinos, which could help explain how the universe generated more matter than antimatter. “The angst in the neutrino community is a lot lower than it was last time,” says Kate Scholberg, a neutrino physicist at Duke University. “The DUNE program will be going on at least into the 2030s.” However, researchers are already thinking of upgrades to the $2.6 billion experiment, she notes. In other areas, the future looks less certain. The last time around, for example, scientists had a pretty clear path forward in their search for particles of dark matter—the so-far-unidentified stuff that appears to pervade the galaxies and bind them with its gravity. Researchers had built small underground detectors that searched for the signal of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs), the leading dark matter candidate, bumping into atomic nuclei. The obvious plan was to expand the detectors to the ton scale. Now, two multi-ton WIMP detectors are under construction. But so far WIMPs haven't shown up, and scaling up that technology further “is probably not going to work very well anymore,” says Marcelle Soares-Santos, a physicist at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. “So we need to think a little bit more out of the box.” Researchers are now contemplating a hunt for other types of dark matter particles, using new detectors that exploit quantum mechanical effects to achieve exquisite levels of sensitivity. A perennial question for the field is what the next great particle collider will be. The obvious need is for one that fires electrons into positrons to crank out copious Higgs bosons and study their properties in detail, says Meenakshi Narain, a physicist at Brown University. But possible designs vary. Physicists in Japan are discussing such a Higgs factory in the form of a 30-kilometer-long linear electron-positron collider. Meanwhile, CERN has begun a study of an 80- to 100-kilometer circular collider. China has plans for a similar circular collider. However, Vladimir Shiltsev, an accelerator physicist at Fermilab, says those aren't the only potential options. “The real picture is much murkier.” Snowmass organizers have received at least 16 different proposals for colliders, including one that would smash together muons—heavier, unstable cousins of electrons—and another that would use photons. Snowmass participants should consider all options, Shiltsev says. Joe Lykken, Fermilab's deputy director for research, suggests physicists could even push for DOE to support a massive experiment that has nothing to do with particles: a next-generation detector of gravitational waves, spacetime ripples set off when massive objects such as black holes collide. Their discovery in 2015 by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) opened a new window on the universe. LIGO consists of two L-shaped optical instruments with arms 4 kilometers long in Louisiana and Washington; it was built by the National Science Foundation. The next generation of ground-based detectors could be 10 times as big, and might better fit DOE, which specializes in scientific megaprojects, Lykken says. “It starts to sound like the kind of thing that the DOE would be interested in and maybe required for,” he says. During the coming year, Snowmass participants will air the more than 2000 ideas researchers have already proffered in two-page summaries. Then, a new P5 will formulate a new plan. Whatever ideas scientists come up with, to execute their new plan they'll have to maintain the harmony that in recent years has made their planning process an exemplar to other fields. “Being unified is the new norm for us,” quips Jim Siegrist, DOE's associate director for high energy physics. “So we have to continue to keep a lid on divisiveness and that'll be a challenge.” [1]: pending:yes

Nexen Tire America Inc. has announced the development of an Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data-driven methodology aimed at reducing tire noise. The big data research for Noise, Vibration and Harshness (NVH) was jointly conducted with Hyundai-Kia Automotive Group and Inha University in Korea. Since 2018, Nexen Tire conducted the joint research with long-standing partner Hyundai-Kia Automotive Group to increase customer satisfaction and improve the environment by reducing noise levels. More importantly, the research is set to make an impact that can help reduce research and development (R&D) time and costs. AI technology and big data are becoming an integral part of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, the future of mobility and the fast-changing automotive industry.

Landslide run-out modeling involves various uncertainties originating from model input data. It is therefore desirable to assess the model's sensitivity. A global sensitivity analysis that is capable of exploring the entire input space and accounts for all interactions, often remains limited due to computational challenges resulting from a large number of necessary model runs. We address this research gap by integrating Gaussian process emulation into landslide run-out modeling and apply it to the open-source simulation tool r.avaflow. The feasibility and efficiency of our approach is illustrated based on the 2017 Bondo landslide event. The sensitivity of aggregated model outputs, such as the apparent friction angle, impact area, as well as spatially resolved maximum flow height and velocity, to the dry-Coulomb friction coefficient, turbulent friction coefficient and the release volume are studied. The results of first-order effects are consistent with previous results of common one-at-a-time sensitivity analyses. In addition to that, our approach allows to rigorously investigate interactions. Strong interactions are detected on the margins of the flow path where the expectation and variation of maximum flow height and velocity are small. The interactions generally become weak with increasing variation of maximum flow height and velocity. Besides, there are stronger interactions between the two friction coefficients than between the release volume and each friction coefficient. In the future, it is promising to extend the approach for other computationally expensive tasks like uncertainty quantification, model calibration, and smart early warning.