The classification problem's complexity assessment is an essential element of many topics in the supervised learning domain. It plays a significant role in meta-learning -- becoming the basis for determining meta-attributes or multi-criteria optimization -- allowing the evaluation of the training set resampling without needing to rebuild the recognition model. The tools currently available for the academic community, which would enable the calculation of problem complexity measures, are available only as libraries of the C++ and R languages. This paper describes the software module that allows for the estimation of 22 complexity measures for the Python language -- compatible with the scikit-learn programming interface -- allowing for the implementation of research using them in the most popular programming environment of the machine learning community.

Programming machines with commonsense reasoning (CSR) abilities is a longstanding challenge in the Artificial Intelligence community. Current CSR benchmarks use multiple-choice (and in relatively fewer cases, generative) question-answering instances to evaluate machine commonsense. Recent progress in transformer-based language representation models suggest that considerable progress has been made on existing benchmarks. However, although tens of CSR benchmarks currently exist, and are growing, it is not evident that the full suite of commonsense capabilities have been systematically evaluated. Furthermore, there are doubts about whether language models are 'fitting' to a benchmark dataset's training partition by picking up on subtle, but normatively irrelevant (at least for CSR), statistical features to achieve good performance on the testing partition. To address these challenges, we propose a benchmark called Theoretically-Grounded Commonsense Reasoning (TG-CSR) that is also based on discriminative question answering, but with questions designed to evaluate diverse aspects of commonsense, such as space, time, and world states. TG-CSR is based on a subset of commonsense categories first proposed as a viable theory of commonsense by Gordon and Hobbs. The benchmark is also designed to be few-shot (and in the future, zero-shot), with only a few training and validation examples provided. This report discusses the structure and construction of the benchmark. Preliminary results suggest that the benchmark is challenging even for advanced language representation models designed for discriminative CSR question answering tasks. Benchmark access and leaderboard: https://codalab.lisn.upsaclay.fr/competitions/3080 Benchmark website: https://usc-isi-i2.github.io/TGCSR/

Building models of natural language processing (NLP) is challenging in low-resource scenarios where only limited data are available. Optimization-based meta-learning algorithms achieve promising results in low-resource scenarios by adapting a well-generalized model initialization to handle new tasks. Nonetheless, these approaches suffer from the memorization overfitting issue, where the model tends to memorize the meta-training tasks while ignoring support sets when adapting to new tasks. To address this issue, we propose a memory imitation meta-learning (MemIML) method that enhances the model's reliance on support sets for task adaptation. Specifically, we introduce a task-specific memory module to store support set information and construct an imitation module to force query sets to imitate the behaviors of some representative support-set samples stored in the memory. A theoretical analysis is provided to prove the effectiveness of our method, and empirical results also demonstrate that our method outperforms competitive baselines on both text classification and generation tasks.

Existing temporal action detection (TAD) methods rely on a large number of training data with segment-level annotations. Collecting and annotating such a training set is thus highly expensive and unscalable. Semi-supervised TAD (SS-TAD) alleviates this problem by leveraging unlabeled videos freely available at scale. However, SS-TAD is also a much more challenging problem than supervised TAD, and consequently much under-studied. Prior SS-TAD methods directly combine an existing proposal-based TAD method and a SSL method. Due to their sequential localization (e.g, proposal generation) and classification design, they are prone to proposal error propagation. To overcome this limitation, in this work we propose a novel Semi-supervised Temporal action detection model based on PropOsal-free Temporal mask (SPOT) with a parallel localization (mask generation) and classification architecture. Such a novel design effectively eliminates the dependence between localization and classification by cutting off the route for error propagation in-between. We further introduce an interaction mechanism between classification and localization for prediction refinement, and a new pretext task for self-supervised model pre-training. Extensive experiments on two standard benchmarks show that our SPOT outperforms state-of-the-art alternatives, often by a large margin. The PyTorch implementation of SPOT is available at https://github.com/sauradip/SPOT

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Single-machine and single-agent RL training have many challenges, the most important being the time it takes for the rewards to converge. Most of the time spent by the agent in RL training goes into gathering experiences. The time taken for simple applications is a few hours, and complex applications take days. Deep Learning frameworks like Tensorflow support distributed training; can the same be applied to RL as well? This article focuses on specific pain points of single-machine training with a practical example and demonstrates how scaled RL solves the problem.

With over 11 years in marketing including continuing education, health care and manufacturing, Lindsay Ojeda has a knack for understanding what customers and prospects want and need. She helps brands grow their audience by telling the best possible story, and then she brings that story to life through B2B marketing and digital transformation.

In this article we study fully-connected feedforward deep ReLU ANNs with an arbitrarily large number of hidden layers and we prove convergence of the risk of the GD optimization method with random initializations in the training of such ANNs under the assumption that the unnormalized probability density function of the probability distribution of the input data of the considered supervised learning problem is piecewise polynomial, under the assumption that the target function (describing the relationship between input data and the output data) is piecewise polynomial, and under the assumption that the risk function of the considered supervised learning problem admits at least one regular global minimum. In addition, in the special situation of shallow ANNs with just one hidden layer and one-dimensional input we also verify this assumption by proving in the training of such shallow ANNs that for every Lipschitz continuous target function there exists a global minimum in the risk landscape. Finally, in the training of deep ANNs with ReLU activation we also study solutions of gradient flow (GF) differential equations and we prove that every non-divergent GF trajectory converges with a polynomial rate of convergence to a critical point (in the sense of limiting Fr\'echet subdifferentiability). Our mathematical convergence analysis builds up on ideas from our previous article Eberle et al., on tools from real algebraic geometry such as the concept of semi-algebraic functions and generalized Kurdyka-Lojasiewicz inequalities, on tools from functional analysis such as the Arzel\`a-Ascoli theorem, on tools from nonsmooth analysis such as the concept of limiting Fr\'echet subgradients, as well as on the fact that the set of realization functions of shallow ReLU ANNs with fixed architecture forms a closed subset of the set of continuous functions revealed by Petersen et al.

We describe Turkish Discourse Bank 1.2, the latest version of a discourse corpus annotated for explicitly or implicitly conveyed discourse relations, their constitutive units, and senses in the Penn Discourse Treebank style. We present an evaluation of the recently added tokens and examine three commonly occurring dependency patterns that hold among the constitutive units of a pair of adjacent discourse relations, namely, shared arguments, full embedding and partial containment of a discourse relation. We present three major findings: (a) implicitly conveyed relations occur more often than explicitly conveyed relations in the data; (b) it is much more common for two adjacent implicit discourse relations to share an argument than for two adjacent explicit relations to do so; (c) both full embedding and partial containment of discourse relations are pervasive in the corpus, which can be partly due to subordinator connectives whose preposed subordinate clause tends to be selected together with the matrix clause rather than being selected alone. Finally, we briefly discuss the implications of our findings for Turkish discourse parsing.

Tackling new machine learning problems with neural networks always means optimizing numerous hyperparameters that define their structure and strongly impact their performances. In this work, we study the use of goal-oriented sensitivity analysis, based on the Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion (HSIC), for hyperparameter analysis and optimization. Hyperparameters live in spaces that are often complex and awkward. They can be of different natures (categorical, discrete, boolean, continuous), interact, and have inter-dependencies. All this makes it non-trivial to perform classical sensitivity analysis. We alleviate these difficulties to obtain a robust analysis index that is able to quantify hyperparameters' relative impact on a neural network's final error. This valuable tool allows us to better understand hyperparameters and to make hyperparameter optimization more interpretable. We illustrate the benefits of this knowledge in the context of hyperparameter optimization and derive an HSIC-based optimization algorithm that we apply on MNIST and Cifar, classical machine learning data sets, but also on the approximation of Runge function and Bateman equations solution, of interest for scientific machine learning. This method yields neural networks that are both competitive and cost-effective.