Automatic diacritization of Arabic text involves adding diacritical marks (diacritics) to the text. This task poses a significant challenge with noteworthy implications for computational processing and comprehension. In this paper, we introduce PTCAD (Pre-FineTuned Token Classification for Arabic Diacritization, a novel two-phase approach for the Arabic Text Diacritization task. PTCAD comprises a pre-finetuning phase and a finetuning phase, treating Arabic Text Diacritization as a token classification task for pre-trained models. The effectiveness of PTCAD is demonstrated through evaluations on two benchmark datasets derived from the Tashkeela dataset, where it achieves state-of-the-art results, including a 20\% reduction in Word Error Rate (WER) compared to existing benchmarks and superior performance over GPT-4 in ATD tasks.

Bayesian Neural Networks (BayNNs) can inherently estimate predictive uncertainty, facilitating informed decision-making. Dropout-based BayNNs are increasingly implemented in spintronics-based computation-in-memory architectures for resourceconstrained yet high-performance safety-critical applications. Although uncertainty estimation is important, the reliability of Dropout generation and BayNN computation is equally important for target applications but is overlooked in existing works. However, testing BayNNs is significantly more challenging compared to conventional NNs, due to their stochastic nature. In this paper, we present for the first time the model of the non-idealities of the spintronics-based Dropout module and analyze their impact on uncertainty estimates and accuracy. Furthermore, we propose a testing framework based on repeatability ranking for Dropout-based BayNN with up to 100% fault coverage while using only 0.2% of training data as test vectors. Bayesian Neural Networks (BayNNs) offer substantial benefits over conventional neural networks (NNs), particularly in safety-critical applications where reliability and confidence in prediction are paramount [1]. Unlike traditional NNs, BayNNs can inherently capture and estimate the uncertainty of their predictions, enhancing decision-making under uncertain conditions. However, their implementation faces significant computational bottlenecks, especially on edge devices. Spintronics-based computation-in-memory (Spintronics-CIM) architectures are a promising solution for the hardware realization of BayNNs as they mitigate some of the inherent computational costs, balancing high-performance demands with the constraints of resourcelimited devices.

Conventional task- and modality-specific artificial intelligence (AI) models are inflexible in real-world deployment and maintenance for biomedicine. At the same time, the growing availability of biomedical data, coupled with the advancements in modern multi-modal multi-task AI techniques, has paved the way for the emergence of generalist biomedical AI solutions. These solutions hold the potential to interpret different medical modalities and produce expressive outputs such as free-text reports or disease diagnosis. Here, we propose BiomedGPT, the first open-source and generalist visual language AI for diverse biomedical tasks. BiomedGPT achieved 16 state-of-the-art results across five clinically significant tasks on 26 datasets. Notably, it outperformed OpenAI's GPT-4 with vision (GPT-4V) in radiology human evaluation and surpassed Google's Med-PaLM M (12B) in breast cancer diagnosis and medical visual question answering. Moreover, BiomedGPT facilitates zero-shot transfer learning, greatly enhancing its utility as a biomedical assistant, similar to ChatGPT. Our method demonstrates effective training with diverse datasets can lead to more practical biomedical AI.

In the contemporary digital era, the Internet functions as an unparalleled catalyst, dismantling geographical and linguistic barriers particularly evident in texting. This evolution facilitates global communication, transcending physical distances and fostering dynamic cultural exchange. A notable trend is the widespread use of transliteration, where the English alphabet is employed to convey messages in native languages, posing a unique challenge for language technology in accurately detecting the source language. This paper addresses this challenge through a dataset of phone text messages in Hindi and Russian transliterated into English utilizing BERT for language classification and Google Translate API for transliteration conversion. The research pioneers innovative approaches to identify and convert transliterated text, navigating challenges in the diverse linguistic landscape of digital communication. Emphasizing the pivotal role of comprehensive datasets for training Large Language Models LLMs like BERT, our model showcases exceptional proficiency in accurately identifying and classifying languages from transliterated text. With a validation accuracy of 99% our models robust performance underscores its reliability. The comprehensive exploration of transliteration dynamics supported by innovative approaches and cutting edge technologies like BERT, positions our research at the forefront of addressing unique challenges in the linguistic landscape of digital communication. Beyond contributing to language identification and transliteration capabilities this work holds promise for applications in content moderation, analytics and fostering a globally connected community engaged in meaningful dialogue.

Deepfakes have rapidly emerged as a profound and serious threat to society, primarily due to their ease of creation and dissemination. This situation has triggered an accelerated development of deepfake detection technologies. However, many existing detectors rely heavily on lab-generated datasets for validation, which may not effectively prepare them for novel, emerging, and real-world deepfake techniques. In this paper, we conduct an extensive and comprehensive review and analysis of the latest state-of-the-art deepfake detectors, evaluating them against several critical criteria. These criteria facilitate the categorization of these detectors into 4 high-level groups and 13 fine-grained sub-groups, all aligned with a unified standard conceptual framework. This classification and framework offer deep and practical insights into the factors that affect detector efficacy. We assess the generalizability of 16 leading detectors across various standard attack scenarios, including black-box, white-box, and gray-box settings. Our systematized analysis and experimentation lay the groundwork for a deeper understanding of deepfake detectors and their generalizability, paving the way for future research focused on creating detectors adept at countering various attack scenarios. Additionally, this work offers insights for developing more proactive defenses against deepfakes.

For example, the interaction of different users on a social media platform can be represented as graphs. Similarly, citation networks capture the scholarly interdependence of academic papers through citations, offering insights into the knowledge landscape. Biological networks, encompassing interactions among bio-molecules, genes, and proteins, leverage graphs to unravel the complexities of biological systems. Building upon the accomplishments of neural networks in processing Euclidean data, graph neural networks(GNNs) are specifically crafted to operate seamlessly with graph-structured data. The foundations of GNNs can be traced to graph signal processing (GSP), which was developed to impart meaning to signal processing operations on graphical data.

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown extraordinary capabilities in understanding and generating text that closely mirrors human communication. However, a primary limitation lies in the significant computational demands during training, arising from their extensive parameterization. This challenge is further intensified by the dynamic nature of the world, necessitating frequent updates to LLMs to correct outdated information or integrate new knowledge, thereby ensuring their continued relevance. Note that many applications demand continual model adjustments post-training to address deficiencies or undesirable behaviors. There is an increasing interest in efficient, lightweight methods for on-the-fly model modifications. To this end, recent years have seen a burgeoning in the techniques of knowledge editing for LLMs, which aim to efficiently modify LLMs' behaviors within specific domains while preserving overall performance across various inputs. In this paper, we first define the knowledge editing problem and then provide a comprehensive review of cutting-edge approaches. Drawing inspiration from educational and cognitive research theories, we propose a unified categorization criterion that classifies knowledge editing methods into three groups: resorting to external knowledge, merging knowledge into the model, and editing intrinsic knowledge. Furthermore, we introduce a new benchmark, KnowEdit, for a comprehensive empirical evaluation of representative knowledge editing approaches. Additionally, we provide an in-depth analysis of knowledge location, which can give a deeper understanding of the knowledge structures inherent within LLMs. Finally, we discuss several potential applications of knowledge editing, outlining its broad and impactful implications.

As the deep learning revolution marches on, self-supervised learning has garnered increasing attention in recent years thanks to its remarkable representation learning ability and the low dependence on labeled data. Among these varied self-supervised techniques, masked modeling has emerged as a distinctive approach that involves predicting parts of the original data that are proportionally masked during training. This paradigm enables deep models to learn robust representations and has demonstrated exceptional performance in the context of computer vision, natural language processing, and other modalities. In this survey, we present a comprehensive review of the masked modeling framework and its methodology. We elaborate on the details of techniques within masked modeling, including diverse masking strategies, recovering targets, network architectures, and more. Then, we systematically investigate its wide-ranging applications across domains. Furthermore, we also explore the commonalities and differences between masked modeling methods in different fields. Toward the end of this paper, we conclude by discussing the limitations of current techniques and point out several potential avenues for advancing masked modeling research. A paper list project with this survey is available at \url{https://github.com/Lupin1998/Awesome-MIM}.

Interactive segmentation is a crucial research area in medical image analysis aiming to boost the efficiency of costly annotations by incorporating human feedback. This feedback takes the form of clicks, scribbles, or masks and allows for iterative refinement of the model output so as to efficiently guide the system towards the desired behavior. In recent years, deep learning-based approaches have propelled results to a new level causing a rapid growth in the field with 121 methods proposed in the medical imaging domain alone. In this review, we provide a structured overview of this emerging field featuring a comprehensive taxonomy, a systematic review of existing methods, and an in-depth analysis of current practices. Based on these contributions, we discuss the challenges and opportunities in the field. For instance, we find that there is a severe lack of comparison across methods which needs to be tackled by standardized baselines and benchmarks.

Graph matching is one of the most significant graph analytic tasks in practice, which aims to find the node correspondence across different graphs. Most existing approaches rely on adjacency matrices or node embeddings when matching graphs, whose performances are often sub-optimal because of not fully leveraging the multi-modal information hidden in graphs, such as node attributes, subgraph structures, etc. In this study, we propose a novel and effective graph matching method based on a differentiable hierarchical optimal transport (HOT) framework, called DHOT-GM. Essentially, our method represents each graph as a set of relational matrices corresponding to the information of different modalities. Given two graphs, we enumerate all relational matrix pairs and obtain their matching results, and accordingly, infer the node correspondence by the weighted averaging of the matching results. This method can be implemented as computing the HOT distance between the two graphs -- each matching result is an optimal transport plan associated with the Gromov-Wasserstein (GW) distance between two relational matrices, and the weights of all matching results are the elements of an upper-level optimal transport plan defined on the matrix sets. We propose a bi-level optimization algorithm to compute the HOT distance in a differentiable way, making the significance of the relational matrices adjustable. Experiments on various graph matching tasks demonstrate the superiority and robustness of our method compared to state-of-the-art approaches.