Letter to Mr. Denicoff, Office of Navy Research: Proposal to continue work on a survey of the field of artificial intelligence now in progress under ONR Contract N0014-68-C-0266. The end product of the proposed continuation would be a report or reports in which the major techniques and subject matter of Artificial Intelligence are presented and explained in a coherent and logical manner.

Turning ethical Artificial Intelligence into reality implies assessing the risks of AI in context, particularly in terms of its impact on civil and social rights and then, depending on the assessed risk, defining standards or regulating the ethical design, development and implementation of algorithmic systems. This is the aim of this introductory handbook by the Council of Europe and the Alan Turing Institute, of late 2021, "Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law: A Primer". A key initiative in this process was the feasibility study prepared and approved in December by the Council of Europe's Ad Hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence (CAHAI), which explores options for an international legal response, based on Council of Europe standards in the fields of artificial intelligence, rights, democracy and the rule of law: it proposes nine principles and priorities that are well suited to the new challenges posed by the design, development and deployment of Artificial Intelligence systems. When codified into law, these principles and priorities create a set of interconnected rights and obligations that will work to ensure that the design and use of artificial intelligence technologies conform to the values of human rights, democracy and the rule of law. The key question is whether there are responses to the specific risks and opportunities presented by AI systems that can and should be addressed through the use of binding and non-binding international legal instruments, through the agency of the Council of Europe, which is the guardian of the European Convention on Human Rights, Convention 108, which protects the processing of personal data, and the European Social Charter.

Research papers are the wellspring of ideas pushing the frontiers of cutting edge technologies. Scholars around the globe rely on platforms like arXiv, JSTOR, Reddit, PapersWithCode to get up to speed on the latest in AI and data science. But let's face it, research papers are a hard nut to crack. The time and effort you put into unpacking a research paper might go down the drain unless you have a method/reading strategy in place. To that end, we have put together a tutorial to help you get the best out of research papers.

Significant advances have recently been achieved in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) which tackles sequential decision-making problems involving multiple participants. However, MARL requires a tremendous number of samples for effective training. On the other hand, model-based methods have been shown to achieve provable advantages of sample efficiency. However, the attempts of model-based methods to MARL have just started very recently. This paper presents a review of the existing research on model-based MARL, including theoretical analyses, algorithms, and applications, and analyzes the advantages and potential of model-based MARL. Specifically, we provide a detailed taxonomy of the algorithms and point out the pros and cons for each algorithm according to the challenges inherent to multi-agent scenarios. We also outline promising directions for future development of this field.

As people's demand for personal privacy and data security becomes a priority, encrypted traffic has become mainstream in the cyber world. However, traffic encryption is also shielding malicious and illegal traffic introduced by adversaries, from being detected. This is especially so in the post-COVID-19 environment where malicious traffic encryption is growing rapidly. Common security solutions that rely on plain payload content analysis such as deep packet inspection are rendered useless. Thus, machine learning based approaches have become an important direction for encrypted malicious traffic detection. In this paper, we formulate a universal framework of machine learning based encrypted malicious traffic detection techniques and provided a systematic review. Furthermore, current research adopts different datasets to train their models due to the lack of well-recognized datasets and feature sets. As a result, their model performance cannot be compared and analyzed reliably. Therefore, in this paper, we analyse, process and combine datasets from 5 different sources to generate a comprehensive and fair dataset to aid future research in this field. On this basis, we also implement and compare 10 encrypted malicious traffic detection algorithms. We then discuss challenges and propose future directions of research.

Reinforcement learning (RL) approaches can illuminate emergent behaviors that facilitate coordination across teams of agents as part of a multi-agent system (MAS), which can provide windows of opportunity in various military tasks. Technologically advancing adversaries pose substantial risks to a friendly nation's interests and resources. Superior resources alone are not enough to defeat adversaries in modern complex environments because adversaries create standoff in multiple domains against predictable military doctrine-based maneuvers. Therefore, as part of a defense strategy, friendly forces must use strategic maneuvers and disruption to gain superiority in complex multi-faceted domains such as multi-domain operations (MDO). One promising avenue for implementing strategic maneuver and disruption to gain superiority over adversaries is through coordination of MAS in future military operations. In this paper, we present overviews of prominent works in the RL domain with their strengths and weaknesses for overcoming the challenges associated with performing autonomous strategic maneuver and disruption in military contexts.

Biological intelligence is remarkable in its ability to produce complex behaviour in many diverse situations through data efficient, generalisable and transferable skill acquisition. It is believed that learning "good" sensory representations is important for enabling this, however there is little agreement as to what a good representation should look like. In this review article we are going to argue that symmetry transformations are a fundamental principle that can guide our search for what makes a good representation. The idea that there exist transformations (symmetries) that affect some aspects of the system but not others, and their relationship to conserved quantities has become central in modern physics, resulting in a more unified theoretical framework and even ability to predict the existence of new particles. Recently, symmetries have started to gain prominence in machine learning too, resulting in more data efficient and generalisable algorithms that can mimic some of the complex behaviours produced by biological intelligence. Finally, first demonstrations of the importance of symmetry transformations for representation learning in the brain are starting to arise in neuroscience. Taken together, the overwhelming positive effect that symmetries bring to these disciplines suggest that they may be an important general framework that determines the structure of the universe, constrains the nature of natural tasks and consequently shapes both biological and artificial intelligence.

"We call it single bottom-line sustainability, where I look at the single bottom line of all those elements, and I start attaching sustainability to it," Glickman says. "And I start looking at changes of value and then I can build a business case for change." As companies set sustainability goals--to be carbon neutral by 2050, for example--they're tackling complex challenges: regulations change, supply chains are complicated, especially during the current pandemic, and integrating new technologies into legacy systems is almost always a hurdle, technologically and culturally. Glickman suggests an incremental approach--he calls it micro change, embracing the fact that sustainability isn't a one-and-done paradigm shift. "These are things that can be done in a six-week period, eight-week period, that have tangible proof of concepts that can be measured, that can be done at different levels." Looking at current infrastructure investments, particularly in North America and Europe, as well as the increasing interest of stakeholders, the sustainability bar is expected to rise. "For the next three years you will see a lot of investment. You will see countries or businesses that want to be leading because they see an advantage," says Glickman. "Then you will see others have to move along in that direction also." This episode of Business Lab is produced in partnership with Infosys. Laurel: From MIT Technology Review, I'm Laurel Ruma, and this is Business Lab. The show that helps business leaders make sense of new technologies coming out of the lab and into the marketplace. Our topic today is sustainability, but on a global scale, from factories to supply chains to sustainable development goals for all the countries in the world. It's possible to design for sustainability, get a return on investment, and help fight climate change. My guest is Corey Glickman, who is the vice president and head of the sustainability and design business at Infosys. Corey is an expert in strategic design, digital transformation, customer experience strategy, and the use of visualization applied to the development of innovative products, processes, and services.

However, the development of a rigorous mathematical foundation is still at an early stage. In this survey article, which is based on an invited lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians 2022, we will in particular focus on the current "workhorse" of artificial intelligence, namely deep neural networks. We will present the main theoretical directions along with several exemplary results and discuss key open problems.

Acronis is a world leader in cyber protection--empowering people by providing them with cutting-edge technology that enables them to monitor, control, and protect the data that their businesses and lives depend on. We are in an exciting phase of rapid-growth and expansion and looking for a Lead Software Engineer who is ready to join us in creating a #CyberFit future and protecting the digital world! Acronis brings complete cyber protection solutions to its customers. As an ML engineer, you would be part of the global Cyber Security Team fighting against modern threats by supporting products with the latest ML detection methods. Participating in the development of new threat detection technologies using automation and Machine Learning methods to classify and detect cyber threats like ransomware, malware, viruses and phishing, to ensure that our customers always obtain fast and accurate cyber protection. Every member of our "A-Team" has an instrumental role and impact on the success of Acronis' innovative and growing business, so we are looking for someone who enjoys working in dynamic, global teams and thrives in a fast-paced and rapidly changing work environment.