Education is a dynamic field that must be adaptable to sudden changes and disruptions caused by events like pandemics, war, and natural disasters related to climate change. When these events occur, traditional classrooms with traditional or blended delivery can shift to fully online learning, which requires an efficient learning environment that meets students' needs. While learning management systems support teachers' productivity and creativity, they typically provide the same content to all learners in a course, ignoring their unique learning styles. To address this issue, we propose a semi-supervised machine learning approach that detects students' learning styles using a data mining technique. We use the commonly used Felder Silverman learning style model and demonstrate that our semi-supervised method can produce reliable classification models with few labeled data. We evaluate our approach on two different courses and achieve an accuracy of 88.83% and 77.35%, respectively. Our work shows that educational data mining and semi-supervised machine learning techniques can identify different learning styles and create a personalized learning environment.

However, managing large amounts of information is an expensive, time-consuming and non-trivial activity, especially when expert knowledge is needed. Furthermore, having access to vast data bases does not imply that ml algorithms must use them all and a subset is therefore preferred, provided it does not reduce the quality of the mined knowledge. Such observations then supply the same learning power with far less computational cost and allow the training process to be speeded up, whilst their nature and optimal size are rarely obvious. This justifies the interest of developing efficient sampling techniques, which involves anticipating the link between performance and experience regarding the accuracy of the system we are generating. At this point, correctness with respect to the working hypotheses and robustness against changes to them should be guaranteed in order to supply a practical solution. The former ensures the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in the framework considered, while the latter enables fluctuations in the learning conditions to be assimilated without compromising correctness, thus providing reliability to our calculations. An area of work that is particularly sensitive to these inconveniences is natural language processing (nlp), the components of which are increasingly based on ml [3, 50].

An algorithm to estimate the evolution of learning curves on the whole of a training data base, based on the results obtained from a portion and using a functional strategy, is introduced. We approximate iteratively the sought value at the desired time, independently of the learning technique used and once a point in the process, called prediction level, has been passed. The proposal proves to be formally correct with respect to our working hypotheses and includes a reliable proximity condition. This allows the user to fix a convergence threshold with respect to the accuracy finally achievable, which extends the concept of stopping criterion and seems to be effective even in the presence of distorting observations. Our aim is to evaluate the training effort, supporting decision making in order to reduce the need for both human and computational resources during the learning process. The proposal is of interest in at least three operational procedures. The first is the anticipation of accuracy gain, with the purpose of measuring how much work is needed to achieve a certain degree of performance. The second relates the comparison of efficiency between systems at training time, with the objective of completing this task only for the one that best suits our requirements. The prediction of accuracy is also a valuable item of information for customizing systems, since we can estimate in advance the impact of settings on both the performance and the development costs. Using the generation of part-of-speech taggers as an example application, the experimental results are consistent with our expectations.

It is well known that neuronal systems, including their dynamics and responses, are rife with noise at multiple levels (Faisal et al., 2008; Shadlen & Newsome, 1998). These sources of noise arise from, amongst other things, stochastic processes occuring at the sub-cellular level, impacting neuronal response through, for example, fluctuations in membrane-potential (Derksen & Verveen, 1966). Yet the precise role of such randomness, in information processing, continues to be an open question (McDonnell & Ward, 2011; Deco et al., 2013). The Langevin PC algorithm suggests one such role may be in the principled exploration of the latent space of hypotheses under one's generative model. Secondly, from the perspective of Langevin PC as an in-silico generative modelling algorithm we note a number of interesting avenues that we have not had the time to explore here. These include: Models with a hierarchy of stochastic variables, such as those found in most state of the art VAE models (Child, 2021; Vahdat & Kautz, 2021; Hazami et al., 2022). Which may require adopting a corresponding top-down hierarchical warm-start model. Automatic convergence criteria for determining when our Markov chain has converged to a certain level of error (Roy, 2020). Underdamped Langevin dynamics, which incorporate auxiliary momentum variables into the Langevin sampling to achieve an accelerated rate of convergence (Cheng et al., 2018; Ma et al., 2019).

In the last 5 years, the availability of large audio datasets in African countries has opened unlimited opportunities to build machine intelligence (MI) technologies that are closer to the people and speak, learn, understand, and do businesses in local languages, including for those who cannot read and write. Unfortunately, these audio datasets are not fully exploited by current MI tools, leaving several Africans out of MI business opportunities. Additionally, many state-of-the-art MI models are not culture-aware, and the ethics of their adoption indexes are questionable. The lack thereof is a major drawback in many applications in Africa. This paper summarizes recent developments in machine intelligence in Africa from a multi-layer multiscale and culture-aware ethics perspective, showcasing MI use cases in 54 African countries through 400 articles on MI research, industry, government actions, as well as uses in art, music, the informal economy, and small businesses in Africa. The survey also opens discussions on the reliability of MI rankings and indexes in the African continent as well as algorithmic definitions of unclear terms used in MI.

Initial weighting is significant in deep neural networks because the random selection of weights produces different outputs and increases the probability of overfitting and underfitting. On the other hand, vector-based approaches to extract vector features need rich vectors for more accurate classification. The InceptionCapsule approach is presented to alleviate these two problems. This approach uses transfer learning and the Inception-ResNet model to avoid random selection of weights, which takes initial weights from ImageNet. It also uses the output of Inception middle layers to generate rich vectors. Extracted vectors are given to a capsule network for learning, which is equipped with an attention technique. Kvasir data and BUSI with the GT dataset were used to evaluate this approach. This model was able to achieve 97.62 accuracies in 5-class classification and also achieved 94.30 accuracies in 8-class classification on Kvasir. In the BUSI with GT dataset, the proposed approach achieved accuracy=98.88, Precision=95.34, and F1-score=93.74, which are acceptable results compared to other approaches in the literature.

This paper studies the problem of Anytime-Competitive Markov Decision Process (A-CMDP). Existing works on Constrained Markov Decision Processes (CMDPs) aim to optimize the expected reward while constraining the expected cost over random dynamics, but the cost in a specific episode can still be unsatisfactorily high. In contrast, the goal of A-CMDP is to optimize the expected reward while guaranteeing a bounded cost in each round of any episode against a policy prior. We propose a new algorithm, called Anytime-Competitive Reinforcement Learning (ACRL), which provably guarantees the anytime cost constraints. The regret analysis shows the policy asymptotically matches the optimal reward achievable under the anytime competitive constraints. Experiments on the application of carbon-intelligent computing verify the reward performance and cost constraint guarantee of ACRL.

ChatGPT and other general large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success, but they have also raised concerns about the misuse of AI-generated texts. Existing AI-generated text detection models, such as based on BERT and RoBERTa, are prone to in-domain over-fitting, leading to poor out-of-domain (OOD) detection performance. In this paper, we first collected Chinese text responses generated by human experts and 9 types of LLMs, for which to multiple domains questions, and further created a dataset that mixed human-written sentences and sentences polished by LLMs. We then proposed LLM-Detector, a novel method for both document-level and sentence-level text detection through Instruction Tuning of LLMs. Our method leverages the wealth of knowledge LLMs acquire during pre-training, enabling them to detect the text they generate. Instruction tuning aligns the model's responses with the user's expected text detection tasks. Experimental results show that previous methods struggle with sentence-level AI-generated text detection and OOD detection. In contrast, our proposed method not only significantly outperforms baseline methods in both sentence-level and document-level text detection but also demonstrates strong generalization capabilities. Furthermore, since LLM-Detector is trained based on open-source LLMs, it is easy to customize for deployment.

In such cases, transferring knowledge from the source domain becomes crucial, particularly because the Machine learning has made substantial advancements in limited initial data in the target domain may be insufficient recent decades, with its applications spanning a wide range of for effective learning. The extensive and diverse information fields such as image and speech recognition, natural language available from the source domains can significantly compensate processing, and autonomous driving. Despite these achievements, for this shortfall, providing a foundational knowledge base machine learning in biomedicine faces significant challenges, that the model can build upon as more target domain data particularly in data collection. The acquisition of labeled becomes available. Therefore, the efficiency and effectiveness data can be very costly or even unfeasible due to factors of learning in the target domain are greatly enhanced by the like ethical considerations, patient privacy, and the scarcity transferred knowledge from the source domains. of certain diseases. These challenges have led researchers to Online transfer learning entails leveraging knowledge from increasingly rely on utilizing data from related domains that a static source domain and applying it to an ongoing, evolving have a more abundant supply of data.

This paper is concerned with the problem of nonlinear filtering, i.e., computing the conditional distribution of the state of a stochastic dynamical system given a history of noisy partial observations. Conventional sequential importance resampling (SIR) particle filters suffer from fundamental limitations, in scenarios involving degenerate likelihoods or high-dimensional states, due to the weight degeneracy issue. In this paper, we explore an alternative method, which is based on estimating the Brenier optimal transport (OT) map from the current prior distribution of the state to the posterior distribution at the next time step. Unlike SIR particle filters, the OT formulation does not require the analytical form of the likelihood. Moreover, it allows us to harness the approximation power of neural networks to model complex and multi-modal distributions and employ stochastic optimization algorithms to enhance scalability. Extensive numerical experiments are presented that compare the OT method to the SIR particle filter and the ensemble Kalman filter, evaluating the performance in terms of sample efficiency, high-dimensional scalability, and the ability to capture complex and multi-modal distributions.