This handbook offers a unified perspective on diffusion models, encompassing diffusion probabilistic models, score-based generative models, consistency models, rectified flow, and related methods. By standardizing notations and aligning them with code implementations, it aims to bridge the "paper-to-code" gap and facilitate robust implementations and fair comparisons. The content encompasses the fundamentals of diffusion models, the pre-training process, and various post-training methods. Post-training techniques include model distillation and reward-based fine-tuning. Designed as a practical guide, it emphasizes clarity and usability over theoretical depth, focusing on widely adopted approaches in generative modeling with diffusion models.

The age of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is marked by its transformative "generative" capabilities, distinguishing it from prior iterations. This burgeoning characteristic of AI has enabled it to produce new and original content, inherently showcasing its creative prowess. This shift challenges and requires a recalibration in the realm of arts education, urging a departure from established pedagogies centered on human-driven image creation. The paper meticulously addresses the integration of AI tools, with a spotlight on Stable Diffusion (SD), into university arts curricula. Drawing from practical insights gathered from workshops conducted in July 2023, which culminated in an exhibition of AI-driven artworks, the paper aims to provide a roadmap for seamlessly infusing these tools into academic settings. Given their recent emergence, the paper delves into a comprehensive overview of such tools, emphasizing the intricate dance between artists, developers, and researchers in the open-source AI art world. This discourse extends to the challenges and imperatives faced by educational institutions. It presents a compelling case for the swift adoption of these avant-garde tools, underscoring the paramount importance of equipping students with the competencies required to thrive in an AI-augmented artistic landscape.

In real-world applications, as data availability increases, obtaining labeled data for machine learning (ML) projects remains challenging due to the high costs and intensive efforts required for data annotation. Many ML projects, particularly those focused on multi-label classification, also grapple with data imbalance issues, where certain classes may lack sufficient data to train effective classifiers. This study introduces and examines a novel oversampling method for multi-label text classification, designed to address performance challenges associated with data imbalance. The proposed method identifies potential new samples from unlabeled data by leveraging similarity measures between instances. By iteratively searching the unlabeled dataset, the method locates instances similar to those in underrepresented classes and evaluates their contribution to classifier performance enhancement. Instances that demonstrate performance improvement are then added to the labeled dataset. Experimental results indicate that the proposed approach effectively enhances classifier performance post-oversampling.

Recent advancements in deep learning have shown transformative potential in medical imaging, yet concerns about fairness persist due to performance disparities across demographic subgroups. Existing methods aim to address these biases by mitigating sensitive attributes in image data; however, these attributes often carry clinically relevant information, and their removal can compromise model performance-a highly undesirable outcome. To address this challenge, we propose Fair Re-fusion After Disentanglement (FairREAD), a novel, simple, and efficient framework that mitigates unfairness by re-integrating sensitive demographic attributes into fair image representations. FairREAD employs orthogonality constraints and adversarial training to disentangle demographic information while using a controlled re-fusion mechanism to preserve clinically relevant details. Additionally, subgroup-specific threshold adjustments ensure equitable performance across demographic groups. Comprehensive evaluations on a large-scale clinical X-ray dataset demonstrate that FairREAD significantly reduces unfairness metrics while maintaining diagnostic accuracy, establishing a new benchmark for fairness and performance in medical image classification.

These lecture notes were developed for a Master's course in advanced machine learning at Erasmus University of Rotterdam. The course is designed for graduate students in mathematics, statistics and econometrics. The content follows a proposition-proof structure, making it suitable for students seeking a formal and rigorous understanding of the statistical theory underlying machine learning methods. At present, the notes focus on linear regression, with an in-depth exploration of the existence, uniqueness, relations, computation, and nonasymptotic properties of the most prominent estimators in this setting: least squares, ridgeless, ridge, and lasso. Background It is assumed that readers have a solid background in calculus, linear algebra, convex analysis, and probability theory.

This systematic literature review investigates perceptions, concerns, and expectations of young digital citizens regarding privacy in artificial intelligence (AI) systems, focusing on social media platforms, educational technology, gaming systems, and recommendation algorithms. Using a rigorous methodology, the review started with 2,000 papers, narrowed down to 552 after initial screening, and finally refined to 108 for detailed analysis. Data extraction focused on privacy concerns, data-sharing practices, the balance between privacy and utility, trust factors in AI, transparency expectations, and strategies to enhance user control over personal data. Findings reveal significant privacy concerns among young users, including a perceived lack of control over personal information, potential misuse of data by AI, and fears of data breaches and unauthorized access. These issues are worsened by unclear data collection practices and insufficient transparency in AI applications. The intention to share data is closely associated with perceived benefits and data protection assurances. The study also highlights the role of parental mediation and the need for comprehensive education on data privacy. Balancing privacy and utility in AI applications is crucial, as young digital citizens value personalized services but remain wary of privacy risks. Trust in AI is significantly influenced by transparency, reliability, predictable behavior, and clear communication about data usage. Strategies to improve user control over personal data include access to and correction of data, clear consent mechanisms, and robust data protection assurances. The review identifies research gaps and suggests future directions, such as longitudinal studies, multicultural comparisons, and the development of ethical AI frameworks.

High-quality professional development for teachers can facilitate the learning of best teaching practices, which in turn can lead to higher levels of student performance (Borko et al., 2010; Didion et al., 2020; Gore et al., 2021; Hubers et al., 2022; Schelling & Rubenstein, 2023). For instance, feedback on actual practices has proven effective in enhancing teaching methods and subsequently improving student outcomes (Allen et al., 2011; Gregory et al., 2017), even among students not directly taught by the teachers receiving the feedback (Opper, 2019). Thus, focusing on the evaluation of teaching practices to facilitate professional development is essential, as it can lead to improved teaching methods and ultimately to higher levels of student outcomes. Despite its acknowledged importance and the pressures from high-stakes accountability systems, most professional development opportunities remain fragmented and insufficient to meet teachers' needs (Borko, 2004; Hsu & Malkin, 2013). The reason for this may be that, although it is known that teaching practices such as cognitive activation, supportive climate, and classroom management, are relevant for enhancing teaching quality and student outcomes (Xie & Derakhshan, 2021), these dimensions may be too abstract or general, which can hinder the implementation of concrete actions to improve teaching quality. In this regard, evidence suggests that targeting more specific factors for intervention, rather than abstract ones, allows teachers to better understand and change their practices (Soderberg et al., 2015).

Current methods for analyzing student engagement in e-learning platforms, including automated systems, often struggle with challenges such as handling fuzzy sentiment in text comments and relying on limited metadata. Traditional approaches, such as surveys and questionnaires, also face issues like small sample sizes and scalability. In this paper, we introduce LLM-SEM (Language Model-Based Student Engagement Metric), a novel approach that leverages video metadata and sentiment analysis of student comments to measure engagement. By utilizing recent Large Language Models (LLMs), we generate high-quality sentiment predictions to mitigate text fuzziness and normalize key features such as views and likes. Our holistic method combines comprehensive metadata with sentiment polarity scores to gauge engagement at both the course and lesson levels. Extensive experiments were conducted to evaluate various LLM models, demonstrating the effectiveness of LLM-SEM in providing a scalable and accurate measure of student engagement. We fine-tuned TXLM-RoBERTa using human-annotated sentiment datasets to enhance prediction accuracy and utilized LLama 3B, and Gemma 9B from Ollama.

As Artificial Intelligence (AI) continues to advance rapidly, Friendly AI (FAI) has been proposed to advocate for more equitable and fair development of AI. Despite its importance, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews examining FAI from an ethical perspective, as well as limited discussion on its potential applications and future directions. This paper addresses these gaps by providing a thorough review of FAI, focusing on theoretical perspectives both for and against its development, and presenting a formal definition in a clear and accessible format. Key applications are discussed from the perspectives of eXplainable AI (XAI), privacy, fairness and affective computing (AC). Additionally, the paper identifies challenges in current technological advancements and explores future research avenues. The findings emphasise the significance of developing FAI and advocate for its continued advancement to ensure ethical and beneficial AI development.

Generative AI (GenAI) is advancing rapidly, and the literature in computing education is expanding almost as quickly. Initial responses to GenAI tools were mixed between panic and utopian optimism. Many were fast to point out the opportunities and challenges of GenAI. Researchers reported that these new tools are capable of solving most introductory programming tasks and are causing disruptions throughout the curriculum. These tools can write and explain code, enhance error messages, create resources for instructors, and even provide feedback and help for students like a traditional teaching assistant. In 2024, new research started to emerge on the effects of GenAI usage in the computing classroom. These new data involve the use of GenAI to support classroom instruction at scale and to teach students how to code with GenAI. In support of the former, a new class of tools is emerging that can provide personalized feedback to students on their programming assignments or teach both programming and prompting skills at the same time. With the literature expanding so rapidly, this report aims to summarize and explain what is happening on the ground in computing classrooms. We provide a systematic literature review; a survey of educators and industry professionals; and interviews with educators using GenAI in their courses, educators studying GenAI, and researchers who create GenAI tools to support computing education. The triangulation of these methods and data sources expands the understanding of GenAI usage and perceptions at this critical moment for our community.