The ability of the higher animals to accept and interpret information from distant objects confers enormous advantages for creatures (or machines) which respond only to immediate stimulation and have no opportunity to anticipate the future. Distance receptors, especially the eyes, serve as early warning systems by giving information of distance events, making it possible to gauge the probable future. The classical biological notion of stimulusresponse applies to creatures limited to touch information. The development of distance-receptors evidently allowed brains to develop to give strategic behaviour. It is unfortunate that the early, now classical, studies of reflexes involving touch and the internal regulation of the body have been so largely taken over to describe brain function, for these concepts are inadequate for describing the central nervous system. They tell nothing about how brains handle information from the eyes, to allow animals and man to see. They tell us nothing about decision-making: how present experience is related to the stored past to predict the immediate future.

In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the commercial applications of knowledge-based (KB) systems (commonly called expert systems). Interest in KB systems was spurred on by the development of programs that can solve complex tasks at an expert level.

The duraticn of the neuro'ogical signs is 7.2 hours.

To appear inProc. of the American Association for Medical Systems & Informatics, 1983 Reprinted by permission of the American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics (AAMSI). Hardware advances in the next decade promise to make poss:*ale new medical educational technologies. New media for expressing, collecting, and sharing knowledge will provide students with means for coping with the increasing amounts of information. Novel means of graphically modelling physical phenomena--providing motivating and intuitively pleasing means for explorative interaction--could complement and sometimes replace traditional text material. Intelligent programs may serve as assistants, serving roles ranging from calculator to librarian to tutor, embracing a full range of secretarial and problen solving aids.

Report 82-33 Welcome to the MRS TUTOR!!! This tutor is designed to introduce you to the syntax and basic database accessing functions of MRS. This document is a transcript of an interaction with the MRS tutor. Reprinted by permission of the author. Funding for this work was provided by ONR Contract N00014-81-K-0004. Representation languages provide a way to store and retrieve facts from a computer. Since English is a grammatically and textually ambiguous language, representation systems use a more formal language to describe the world. The way in which the words or symbols of a language are put together to form phrases and sentences is termed the "syntax" or "grammar" of the language.

I cis is the final report for Contract N-00014-79-C-03C2, covering the period of 15 March 1979 through 14 March 1982. The goal of the project was to develop methods for representing teaching and problem-solving knowledge in computer-based tutorial systems. One focus of the work was formulation of principles for managing a case method tutorial dialogue; the other major focus was investigation of the use of a production rule representation for the subject material of tutorial program. The main theme pursued by this research is that representing teaching and problemsolving knowledge separately and explicitly enhances the ability to build, modify and test complex tutorial programs. Two major corr Jter programs were constructed.

OMEN is an object-oriented programming system designed for use in a FRANI LISP or other similar programming environment. OMEN stands for OHiccr MANIPULATION ENVIRONNIFN r, and consists of a set of functions to be loaded on top of a!ASP system running MRS. The user can the use the functions provided by OMEN to create classes of objects, instances of those classes, and functions that operate on those objects, and to send messages to those objects. OMEN is similar in design and operation to the flavors system of Lisp Machine lisp and the LOOPS system for the Xerox Dolphin. OMEN was originally designed as a programming eny ironmcnt for an objectoriemed graphics system, but the system should be useful for many different applications. OMEN is not a programming language. It is a way of abstracting the data structures a program must use and the functions that operate on those data structures.

The Key idea is to represent explicitly and separately: a A. The limitations of MYCIN for application to teaching domain-independent diagnostic strategy in the form of meta-rules,

It is frequently observed that medicine.

Many RLL-1 units are directly used by one or more of the RLL-1 functions listed below. These special ones are enumerated below, following a depth first traversal of the RLL-1 Knowledge Base. Diagram #1 portrays a skeleton of this hierarchy, showing the subset relations joining these various classes.