While previousbenchmarks insimilar domains havebeenprimarily focusing onthelanguage grounding of object properties (e.g., "table"), relations (e.g., "on"), and planning (e.g., object search and manipulation) [6,7],inthispaper,wehighlights theadditional challenge forunderstanding human instructions withambiguities (i.e., recognizing the subgoal) based on physical states and human actionsandgoals. Each episode in HandMeThat contains twostages.

Training recurrent neural networks (RNNs) remains a challenge due to the instability of gradients across long time horizons, which can lead to exploding and vanishing gradients. Recent research has linked these problems to the values of Lyapunov exponents for the forward-dynamics, which describe the growth or shrinkage of infinitesimal perturbations. Here, we propose gradient flossing, a novel approach to tackling gradient instability by pushing Lyapunov exponents of the forward dynamics toward zero during learning.

Training recurrent neural networks (RNNs) remains a challenge due to the instability of gradients across long time horizons, which can lead to exploding and vanishing gradients. Recent research has linked these problems to the values of Lyapunov exponents for the forward-dynamics, which describe the growth or shrinkage of infinitesimal perturbations. Here, we propose gradient flossing, a novel approach to tackling gradient instability by pushing Lyapunov exponents of the forward dynamics toward zero during learning.

If Conditions 1 and 3 hold, andthemargin isnon-zero, datacollectedinbatchesusing -greedy, Thompson Sampling, or UCBwithclipping constraintwithf(n)= c forsome0

In BW, an include: areforwardprogress, failur ), acostcontr ), ashapingrehead). Require:Experience B; twinQ-function 1, 2 (with parameters 1, 2; policyparameter ; discount ; entrop ; learningrates q, ; targetnetw ; Boolean 1: Sampletransition(s, a, r,0) B.r2Rm is 2: Samplepolica0 ( |s0; )andu ( |s; ) 3: rm+1 log (a0|s0; ).Extend 4: j argmin

Thus, there is a need for a reference point, on which each model canbetested andfrom where potential improvements canbe derived. In this study, we select publicly available state-of-the-art visual search models and datasets in natural scenes, and provide a common framework for their evaluation. To this end, we apply a unified format and criteria, bridging the gaps between them, and we estimate the models' efficiency and similarity with humans using a specific set of metrics.