Formally, the CCA problem is defined as follows.

In this paper, we establish an upper bound on the return gap between the oracle expert policy and an optimal decision tree policy. This enables us to recast the DT extraction problem into a novel non-euclidean clustering problem over the local observation and action values space of each agent, with action values as cluster labels and the upper bound on the return gap as clustering loss.

Howevb isnon-zero Similarlyr(s, ) are features: r(s, a)= (s, a)>w. Assumption A3(Featureexcitation)Forapolicy withstationarydistributiond (s, a), define =E(s,a) d [ (s, a) (s, a)>].

Among potential attacks against FR systems [Galbally et al., 2014, Biggio et al., 2015, Hadid et al., 2015, Mai et al., 2018, Marcel et al., 2023], the template inversion (TI) attack significantly jeopardizes the users' privacy. In a TI attack, the adversary gains access to templates stored in the FR system's database and aims

We also study the more general case of an additional entropy regularizer.

We can only see the exact value realized in a box if we open it and pay the opening cost.