Theory-of-Mind (ToM) ability possessed by Large Language Models (LLMs) has been shown to be limited. Most existing methods for improving ToM in LLMs adopt zero-shot prompting, and they face challenges including poor performance in complex ToM reasoning tasks and an inability to handle non-narrative contexts. We propose a zero-shot prompting method named Constrained Chain-of-ToM (CCoToM) that leverages domain knowledge and the causal relations between ToM dimensions to address these limitations. Specifically, CCoToM guides LLMs to construct explicit reasoning chains by first prompting LLMs to infer related ToM dimensions (e.g., belief). Afterward, CCoToM prompts LLMs to infer the queried ToM dimension based on the generated related ToM dimensions and corresponding causal relations. Additionally, CCoToM adaptively imposes constraints on prompts to introduce inductive biases and improve consistency between ToM dimensions. Besides narratives, CCoToM can also handle non-narrative contexts like conversations. Extensive experiments show that CCoToM consistently outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods by large margins across all LLMs and datasets used. We also conduct in-depth analyses to gain deeper insights into CCoToM. We have made our code publicly available.

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used to generate text across various languages, for tasks such as translation, customer support, and education. Despite these advancements, LLMs show notable gender biases in English, which become even more pronounced when generating content in relatively underrepresented languages like Hindi. This study explores implicit gender biases in Hindi text generation and compares them to those in English. We developed Hindi datasets inspired by WinoBias to examine stereotypical patterns in responses from models like GPT-4o and Claude-3 sonnet. Our results reveal a significant gender bias of 87.8% in Hindi, compared to 33.4% in English GPT-4o generation, with Hindi responses frequently relying on gender stereotypes related to occupations, power hierarchies, and social class. This research underscores the variation in gender biases across languages and provides considerations for navigating these biases in generative AI systems.

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have substantially improved dermatologists' diagnostic accuracy for melanoma, with explainable AI (XAI) systems further enhancing clinicians' confidence and trust in AI-driven decisions. Despite these advancements, there remains a critical need for objective evaluation of how dermatologists engage with both AI and XAI tools. In this study, 76 dermatologists participated in a reader study, diagnosing 16 dermoscopic images of melanomas and nevi using an XAI system that provides detailed, domain-specific explanations. Eye-tracking technology was employed to assess their interactions. Diagnostic performance was compared with that of a standard AI system lacking explanatory features. Our findings reveal that XAI systems improved balanced diagnostic accuracy by 2.8 percentage points relative to standard AI. Moreover, diagnostic disagreements with AI/XAI systems and complex lesions were associated with elevated cognitive load, as evidenced by increased ocular fixations. These insights have significant implications for clinical practice, the design of AI tools for visual tasks, and the broader development of XAI in medical diagnostics.

Accurate segmentation of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) lesions in longitudinal MRI scans is crucial for monitoring disease progression and treatment efficacy. Although changes across time are taken into account when assessing images in clinical practice, most existing deep learning methods treat scans from different timepoints separately. Among studies utilizing longitudinal images, a simple channel-wise concatenation is the primary albeit suboptimal method employed to integrate timepoints. We introduce a novel approach that explicitly incorporates temporal differences between baseline and follow-up scans through a unique architectural inductive bias called Difference Weighting Block. It merges features from two timepoints, emphasizing changes between scans. We achieve superior scores in lesion segmentation (Dice Score, Hausdorff distance) as well as lesion detection (lesion-level $F_1$ score) as compared to state-of-the-art longitudinal and single timepoint models across two datasets. Our code is made publicly available at www.github.com/MIC-DKFZ/Longitudinal-Difference-Weighting.

The misuse of deep learning-based facial manipulation poses a potential threat to civil rights. To prevent this fraud at its source, proactive defense technology was proposed to disrupt the manipulation process by adding invisible adversarial perturbations into images, making the forged output unconvincing to the observer. However, their non-directional disruption of the output may result in the retention of identity information of the person in the image, leading to stigmatization of the individual. In this paper, we propose a novel universal framework for combating facial manipulation, called ID-Guard. Specifically, this framework requires only a single forward pass of an encoder-decoder network to generate a cross-model universal adversarial perturbation corresponding to a specific facial image. To ensure anonymity in manipulated facial images, a novel Identity Destruction Module (IDM) is introduced to destroy the identifiable information in forged faces targetedly. Additionally, we optimize the perturbations produced by considering the disruption towards different facial manipulations as a multi-task learning problem and design a dynamic weights strategy to improve cross-model performance. The proposed framework reports impressive results in defending against multiple widely used facial manipulations, effectively distorting the identifiable regions in the manipulated facial images. In addition, our experiments reveal the ID-Guard's ability to enable disrupted images to avoid face inpaintings and open-source image recognition systems.

Large language models can enhance automatic speech recognition systems through generative error correction. In this paper, we propose Pinyin-enhanced GEC, which leverages Pinyi, the phonetic representation of Mandarin Chinese, as supplementary information to improve Chinese ASR error correction. Our approach only utilizes synthetic errors for training and employs the one-best hypothesis during inference. Additionally, we introduce a multitask training approach involving conversion tasks between Pinyin and text to align their feature spaces. Experiments on the Aishell-1 and the Common Voice datasets demonstrate that our approach consistently outperforms GEC with text-only input. More importantly, we provide intuitive explanations for the effectiveness of PY-GEC and multitask training from two aspects: 1) increased attention weight on Pinyin features; and 2) aligned feature space between Pinyin and text hidden states.

We present an exploratory study of the possibilities of the Deep Ritz Method (DRM) for the modeling of strain localization in solids as a sharp discontinuity in the displacement field. For this, we use a regularized strong discontinuity kinematics within a variational setting for elastoplastic solids. The corresponding mathematical model is discretized using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The architecture takes care of the kinematics, while the variational statement of the boundary value problem is taken care of by the loss function. The main idea behind this approach is to solve both the equilibrium problem and the location of the localization band by means of trainable parameters in the ANN. As a proof of concept, we show through both 1D and 2D numerical examples that the computational modeling of strain localization for elastoplastic solids within the framework of DRM is feasible.

Witnesses described unthinkable scenes of heavy flooding in northern Italy as Storm Boris continued its journey across Europe on Thursday. People were seen climbing on roofs to escape the water as buildings collapsed in Traversara di Bagnacavallo. The Italian emergency services carried out helicopter rescues after what one eyewitness said was 36 hours of rain. Storm Boris had earlier swept across Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania and Austria, killing at least 23 people. One of Kyiv's main government buildings was hit in overnight missile and drone strikes by Russia.

Surgeon'became robotic' to treat sheer volume of wounded Lebanese A Lebanese surgeon has described how the sheer volume of severe wounds from two days of exploding device attacks forced him to act robotic just to be able to keep working. Surgeon Elias Jaradeh said he treated women and children but most of the patients he saw were young men. The surgeon said a large proportion were "severely injured" and many had lost the sight in both eyes. The dead and injured in Lebanon include fighters from Hezbollah - the Iranian backed armed group which has been trading cross-border fire with Israel for months and is classed as a terrorist organisation by the UK and the US. But members of their families have also been killed or wounded, along with innocent bystanders.

Research on the visual patterns that foreshadow migraines may reveal clues on how painful headaches arise from the brain even though it has no pain receptors. Colorful zig-zag lines flash in the corner of an eye, while the tunnel vision makes most of the view obscured. Migraine with aura is usually painless, though in large majority of cases means the real migraine is about to kick in. All products featured on WIRED are independently selected by our editors. However, we may receive compensation from retailers and/or from purchases of products through these links.