There has been a recent explosion in research into machine-learning-based generative modeling to tackle computational challenges for simulations in high energy physics (HEP). In order to use such alternative simulators in practice, we need well-defined metrics to compare different generative models and evaluate their discrepancy from the true distributions. We present the first systematic review and investigation into evaluation metrics and their sensitivity to failure modes of generative models, using the framework of two-sample goodness-of-fit testing, and their relevance and viability for HEP. Inspired by previous work in both physics and computer vision, we propose two new metrics, the Fr\'echet and kernel physics distances (FPD and KPD, respectively), and perform a variety of experiments measuring their performance on simple Gaussian-distributed, and simulated high energy jet datasets. We find FPD, in particular, to be the most sensitive metric to all alternative jet distributions tested and recommend its adoption, along with the KPD and Wasserstein distances between individual feature distributions, for evaluating generative models in HEP. We finally demonstrate the efficacy of these proposed metrics in evaluating and comparing a novel attention-based generative adversarial particle transformer to the state-of-the-art message-passing generative adversarial network jet simulation model. The code for our proposed metrics is provided in the open source JetNet Python library.

Communication between people is characterized by a broad range of nonverbal cues. Transferring these cues into the design of robots and other artificial agents that interact with people may foster more natural, inviting, and accessible experiences. In this position paper, we offer a series of definitive nonverbal codes for human-robot interaction (HRI) that address the five human sensory systems (visual, auditory, haptic, olfactory, gustatory) drawn from the field of communication studies. We discuss how these codes can be translated into design patterns for HRI using a curated sample of the communication studies and HRI literatures. As nonverbal codes are an essential mode in human communication, we argue that integrating robotic nonverbal codes in HRI will afford robots a feeling of "aliveness" or "social agency" that would otherwise be missing. We end with suggestions for research directions to stimulate work on nonverbal communication within the field of HRI and improve communication between human and robots.

We propose an evolution strategies-based algorithm for estimating gradients in unrolled computation graphs, called ES-Single. Similarly to the recently-proposed Persistent Evolution Strategies (PES), ES-Single is unbiased, and overcomes chaos arising from recursive function applications by smoothing the meta-loss landscape. ES-Single samples a single perturbation per particle, that is kept fixed over the course of an inner problem (e.g., perturbations are not re-sampled for each partial unroll). Compared to PES, ES-Single is simpler to implement and has lower variance: the variance of ES-Single is constant with respect to the number of truncated unrolls, removing a key barrier in applying ES to long inner problems using short truncations. We show that ES-Single is unbiased for quadratic inner problems, and demonstrate empirically that its variance can be substantially lower than that of PES. ES-Single consistently outperforms PES on a variety of tasks, including a synthetic benchmark task, hyperparameter optimization, training recurrent neural networks, and training learned optimizers.

Behavioural cloning is an imitation learning technique that teaches an agent how to behave via expert demonstrations. Recent approaches use self-supervision of fully-observable unlabelled snapshots of the states to decode state pairs into actions. However, the iterative learning scheme employed by these techniques is prone to get trapped into bad local minima. Previous work uses goal-aware strategies to solve this issue. However, this requires manual intervention to verify whether an agent has reached its goal. We address this limitation by incorporating a discriminator into the original framework, offering two key advantages and directly solving a learning problem previous work had. First, it disposes of the manual intervention requirement. Second, it helps in learning by guiding function approximation based on the state transition of the expert's trajectories. Third, the discriminator solves a learning issue commonly present in the policy model, which is to sometimes perform a `no action' within the environment until the agent finally halts.

We propose a novel antialiasing method to increase shift invariance and prediction accuracy in convolutional neural networks. Specifically, we replace the first-layer combination "real-valued convolutions + max pooling" ($\mathbb{R}$Max) by "complex-valued convolutions + modulus" ($\mathbb{C}$Mod), which is stable to translations. To justify our approach, we claim that $\mathbb{C}$Mod and $\mathbb{R}$Max produce comparable outputs when the convolution kernel is band-pass and oriented (Gabor-like filter). In this context, $\mathbb{C}$Mod can be considered as a stable alternative to $\mathbb{R}$Max. Thus, prior to antialiasing, we force the convolution kernels to adopt such a Gabor-like structure. The corresponding architecture is called mathematical twin, because it employs a well-defined mathematical operator to mimic the behavior of the original, freely-trained model. Our antialiasing approach achieves superior accuracy on ImageNet and CIFAR-10 classification tasks, compared to prior methods based on low-pass filtering. Arguably, our approach's emphasis on retaining high-frequency details contributes to a better balance between shift invariance and information preservation, resulting in improved performance. Furthermore, it has a lower computational cost and memory footprint than concurrent work, making it a promising solution for practical implementation.

Imbalanced datasets present a significant challenge for machine learning models, often leading to biased predictions. To address this issue, data augmentation techniques are widely used in natural language processing (NLP) to generate new samples for the minority class. However, in this paper, we challenge the common assumption that data augmentation is always necessary to improve predictions on imbalanced datasets. Instead, we argue that adjusting the classifier cutoffs without data augmentation can produce similar results to oversampling techniques. Our study provides theoretical and empirical evidence to support this claim. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the strengths and limitations of different approaches to dealing with imbalanced data, and help researchers and practitioners make informed decisions about which methods to use for a given task.

Deploying machine learning models in production may allow adversaries to infer sensitive information about training data. There is a vast literature analyzing different types of inference risks, ranging from membership inference to reconstruction attacks. Inspired by the success of games (i.e., probabilistic experiments) to study security properties in cryptography, some authors describe privacy inference risks in machine learning using a similar game-based style. However, adversary capabilities and goals are often stated in subtly different ways from one presentation to the other, which makes it hard to relate and compose results. In this paper, we present a game-based framework to systematize the body of knowledge on privacy inference risks in machine learning. We use this framework to (1) provide a unifying structure for definitions of inference risks, (2) formally establish known relations among definitions, and (3) to uncover hitherto unknown relations that would have been difficult to spot otherwise.

Abstract-- This paper presents a study of the interconnectivity and interdependence of various Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies through the use of centrality measures, clustering coefficients, and degree of fusion measures. By analyzing the technologies through different time windows and quantifying their importance, we have revealed important insights into the crucial components shaping the AI landscape and the maturity level of the domain. The results of this study have significant implications for future development and advancements in artificial intelligence and provide a clear understanding of key technology areas of fusion. Furthermore, this paper contributes to AI public policy research by offering a data-driven perspective on the current state and future direction of the field. However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of this research and call for further studies to build on these results. With these findings, we hope to inform and guide future research in the field of AI, contributing to its continued growth and success. AI has the potential to revolutionize a wide range of industries from healthcare and finance to transportation and agriculture [1] last but not least environmental hard and societal changes [2]. With the ability to analyze vast amounts of data and automate tasks that were once exclusively performed by humans, AI is reshaping the way we live and work. Given the potential of AI, it is essential to study and understand its applications, fusion of technologies, changes over the years in the domain as well as societal impacts. This understanding is crucial for policymakers, as they must develop effective policies that keep pace with the rapid advancement of AI technology. Moreover, the study of AI is also relevant for individuals, businesses, and organizations, as they must be prepared to adapt to the changes brought about by AI. The study of AI is crucial in today's era to unlock the full potential of this groundbreaking technology and to address the challenges and opportunities it presents.

Balancing electrolytes is utmost important and essential for appropriate functioning of organs in human body as electrolytes imbalance can be an indication of the development of underlying pathophysiology. Efficient monitoring of electrolytes imbalance not only can increase the chances of early detection of disease, but also prevents the further deterioration of the health by strictly following nutrient controlled diet for balancing the electrolytes post disease detection. In this research, a recommender system MATURE Health is proposed and implemented, which predicts the imbalance of mandatory electrolytes and other substances presented in blood and recommends the food items with the balanced nutrients to avoid occurrence of the electrolytes imbalance. The proposed model takes user most recent laboratory results and daily food intake into account to predict the electrolytes imbalance. MATURE Health relies on MATURE Food algorithm to recommend food items as latter recommends only those food items that satisfy all mandatory nutrient requirements while also considering user past food preferences. To validate the proposed method, particularly sodium, potassium, and BUN levels have been predicted with prediction algorithm, Random Forest, for dialysis patients using their laboratory reports history and daily food intake. And, the proposed model demonstrates 99.53 percent, 96.94 percent and 95.35 percent accuracy for Sodium, Potassium, and BUN respectively. MATURE Health is a novel health recommender system that implements machine learning models to predict the imbalance of mandatory electrolytes and other substances in the blood and recommends the food items which contain the required amount of the nutrients that prevent or at least reduce the risk of the electrolytes imbalance.

This paper examines the diffusion of media slant, specifically how partisan content from national cable news affects local newspapers in the U.S., 2005-2008. We use a text-based measure of cable news slant trained on content from Fox News Channel (FNC), CNN, and MSNBC to analyze how local newspapers adopt FNC's slant over CNN/MSNBC's. Our findings show that local news becomes more similar to FNC content in response to an exogenous increase in local FNC viewership. This shift is not limited to borrowing from cable news, but rather, local newspapers' own content changes. Further, cable TV slant polarizes local news content.