In decision-making problems with limited training data, policy functions approximated using deep neural networks often exhibit suboptimal performance. An alternative approach involves learning a world model from the limited data and determining actions through online search. However, the performance is adversely affected by compounding errors arising from inaccuracies in the learnt world model. While methods like TreeQN have attempted to address these inaccuracies by incorporating algorithmic structural biases into their architectures, the biases they introduce are often weak and insufficient for complex decision-making tasks. In this work, we introduce Differentiable Tree Search (DTS), a novel neural network architecture that significantly strengthens the inductive bias by embedding the algorithmic structure of a best-first online search algorithm. DTS employs a learnt world model to conduct a fully differentiable online search in latent state space. The world model is jointly optimised with the search algorithm, enabling the learning of a robust world model and mitigating the effect of model inaccuracies. We address potential Q-function discontinuities arising from naive incorporation of best-first search by adopting a stochastic tree expansion policy, formulating search tree expansion as a decision-making task, and introducing an effective variance reduction technique for the gradient computation. We evaluate DTS in an offline-RL setting with a limited training data scenario on Procgen games and grid navigation task, and demonstrate that DTS outperforms popular model-free and model-based baselines.

The fusion of vision and language has brought about a transformative shift in computer vision through the emergence of Vision-Language Models (VLMs). However, the resource-intensive nature of existing VLMs poses a significant challenge. We need an accessible method for developing the next generation of VLMs. To address this issue, we propose Zoom-shot, a novel method for transferring the zero-shot capabilities of CLIP to any pre-trained vision encoder. We do this by exploiting the multimodal information (i.e. text and image) present in the CLIP latent space through the use of specifically designed multimodal loss functions. These loss functions are (1) cycle-consistency loss and (2) our novel prompt-guided knowledge distillation loss (PG-KD). PG-KD combines the concept of knowledge distillation with CLIP's zero-shot classification, to capture the interactions between text and image features. With our multimodal losses, we train a $\textbf{linear mapping}$ between the CLIP latent space and the latent space of a pre-trained vision encoder, for only a $\textbf{single epoch}$. Furthermore, Zoom-shot is entirely unsupervised and is trained using $\textbf{unpaired}$ data. We test the zero-shot capabilities of a range of vision encoders augmented as new VLMs, on coarse and fine-grained classification datasets, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art in this problem domain. In our ablations, we find Zoom-shot allows for a trade-off between data and compute during training; and our state-of-the-art results can be obtained by reducing training from 20% to 1% of the ImageNet training data with 20 epochs. All code and models are available on GitHub.

Many evaluation measures are used to evaluate social biases in masked language models (MLMs). However, we find that these previously proposed evaluation measures are lacking robustness in scenarios with limited datasets. This is because these measures are obtained by comparing the pseudo-log-likelihood (PLL) scores of the stereotypical and anti-stereotypical samples using an indicator function. The disadvantage is the limited mining of the PLL score sets without capturing its distributional information. In this paper, we represent a PLL score set as a Gaussian distribution and use Kullback Leibler (KL) divergence and Jensen Shannon (JS) divergence to construct evaluation measures for the distributions of stereotypical and anti-stereotypical PLL scores. Experimental results on the publicly available datasets StereoSet (SS) and CrowS-Pairs (CP) show that our proposed measures are significantly more robust and interpretable than those proposed previously.

Forest wildfires represent one of the catastrophic events that, over the last decades, caused huge environmental and humanitarian damages. In addition to a significant amount of carbon dioxide emission, they are a source of risk to society in both short-term (e.g., temporary city evacuation due to fire) and long-term (e.g., higher risks of landslides) cases. Consequently, the availability of tools to support local authorities in automatically identifying burned areas plays an important role in the continuous monitoring requirement to alleviate the aftereffects of such catastrophic events. The great availability of satellite acquisitions coupled with computer vision techniques represents an important step in developing such tools. This paper introduces a novel open dataset that tackles the burned area delineation problem, a binary segmentation problem applied to satellite imagery. The presented resource consists of pre- and post-fire Sentinel-2 L2A acquisitions of California forest fires that took place starting in 2015. Raster annotations were generated from the data released by California's Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Moreover, in conjunction with the dataset, we release three different baselines based on spectral indexes analyses, SegFormer, and U-Net models.

In this work, we propose a dynamic landing solution without the need for onboard exteroceptive sensors and an expensive computation unit, where all localization and control modules are carried out on the ground in a non-inertial frame. Our system starts with a relative state estimator of the aerial robot from the perspective of the landing platform, where the state tracking of the UAV is done through a set of onboard LED markers and an on-ground camera; the state is expressed geometrically on manifold, and is returned by Iterated Extended Kalman filter (IEKF) algorithm. Subsequently, a motion planning module is developed to guide the landing process, formulating it as a minimum jerk trajectory by applying the differential flatness property. Considering visibility and dynamic constraints, the problem is solved using quadratic programming, and the final motion primitive is expressed through piecewise polynomials. Through a series of experiments, the applicability of this approach is validated by successfully landing 18 cm x 18 cm quadrotor on a 43 cm x 43 cm platform, exhibiting performance comparable to conventional methods. Finally, we provide comprehensive hardware and software details to the research community for future reference.

Bangladesh is predominantly an agricultural country, where the agrarian sector plays an essential role in accelerating economic growth and enabling the food security of the people. The performance of this sector has an overwhelming impact on the primary macroeconomic objectives like food security, employment generation, poverty alleviation, human resources development, and other economic and social forces. Although Bangladesh's labor-intensive agriculture has achieved steady increases in food grain production, it often suffered from unfavorable weather conditions such as heavy rainfall, low temperature, and drought. Consequently, these factors hinder the production of food substantially, putting the country's overall food security in danger. In order to have a profitable, sustainable, and farmer-friendly agricultural practice, this paper proposes a context-based crop recommendation system powered by a weather forecast model. With extensive evaluation, the multivariate Stacked Bi-LSTM Network is employed as the weather forecasting model. The proposed weather model can forecast Rainfall, Temperature, Humidity, and Sunshine for any given location in Bangladesh with higher accuracy. These predictions guide our system to assist the farmers in making feasible decisions about planting, irrigation, harvesting, and so on. Additionally, our full-fledged system is capable of alerting the farmers about extreme weather conditions so that preventive measures can be undertaken to protect the crops. Finally, the system is also adept at making knowledge-based crop suggestions for the flood and drought-prone regions of Bangladesh.

This document offers a critical overview of the emerging trends and significant advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) within the pharmaceutical industry. Detailing its application across key operational areas, including research and development, animal testing, clinical trials, hospital clinical stages, production, regulatory affairs, quality control and other supporting areas, the paper categorically examines AI's role in each sector. Special emphasis is placed on cutting-edge AI technologies like machine learning algorithms and their contributions to various aspects of pharmaceutical operations. Through this comprehensive analysis, the paper highlights the transformative potential of AI in reshaping the pharmaceutical industry's future.

The escalating reliance on revolutionary online web services has introduced heightened security risks, with persistent challenges posed by phishing despite extensive security measures. Traditional phishing systems, reliant on machine learning and manual features, struggle with evolving tactics. Recent advances in deep learning offer promising avenues for tackling novel phishing challenges and malicious URLs. This paper introduces a two-phase stack generalized model named AntiPhishStack, designed to detect phishing sites. The model leverages the learning of URLs and character-level TF-IDF features symmetrically, enhancing its ability to combat emerging phishing threats. In Phase I, features are trained on a base machine learning classifier, employing K-fold cross-validation for robust mean prediction. Phase II employs a two-layered stacked-based LSTM network with five adaptive optimizers for dynamic compilation, ensuring premier prediction on these features. Additionally, the symmetrical predictions from both phases are optimized and integrated to train a meta-XGBoost classifier, contributing to a final robust prediction. The significance of this work lies in advancing phishing detection with AntiPhishStack, operating without prior phishing-specific feature knowledge. Experimental validation on two benchmark datasets, comprising benign and phishing or malicious URLs, demonstrates the model's exceptional performance, achieving a notable 96.04% accuracy compared to existing studies. This research adds value to the ongoing discourse on symmetry and asymmetry in information security and provides a forward-thinking solution for enhancing network security in the face of evolving cyber threats.

Understanding public discourse on emergency use of unproven therapeutics is crucial for monitoring safe use and combating misinformation. We developed a natural language processing-based pipeline to comprehend public perceptions of and stances on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related drugs on Twitter over time. This retrospective study included 609,189 US-based tweets from January 29, 2020, to November 30, 2021, about four drugs that garnered significant public attention during the COVID-19 pandemic: (1) Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin, therapies with anecdotal evidence; and (2) Molnupiravir and Remdesivir, FDA-approved treatments for eligible patients. Time-trend analysis was employed to understand popularity trends and related events. Content and demographic analyses were conducted to explore potential rationales behind people's stances on each drug. Time-trend analysis indicated that Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin were discussed more than Molnupiravir and Remdesivir, particularly during COVID-19 surges. Hydroxychloroquine and Ivermectin discussions were highly politicized, related to conspiracy theories, hearsay, and celebrity influences. The distribution of stances between the two major US political parties was significantly different (P < .001); Republicans were more likely to support Hydroxychloroquine (55%) and Ivermectin (30%) than Democrats. People with healthcare backgrounds tended to oppose Hydroxychloroquine (7%) more than the general population, while the general population was more likely to support Ivermectin (14%). Our study found that social media users have varying perceptions and stances on off-label versus FDA-authorized drug use at different stages of COVID-19. This indicates that health systems, regulatory agencies, and policymakers should design tailored strategies to monitor and reduce misinformation to promote safe drug use.

Kerry Plowright had his feet up and was watching TV one evening late last year when his phone warned of incoming hail. "I was stunned when I walked out the door because there was just this roar," he says, describing the sound of hailstones hitting roofs in the New South Wales town of Kingscliff. He had just enough time to move his cars under canvas sails, sparing them from damage. This season may include a second tropical cyclone to strike Queensland. The Albanese government has launched an inquiry into warnings issued by the Bureau of Meteorology and emergency authorities after complaints by councils and others that some alerts lacked accuracy and timeliness.