In modern factories, human workers and robots are two major workforces. For safety concerns, the two are normally separated with robots confined in metal cages, which limits the productivity as well as the flexibility of production lines. In recent years, attention has been directed to remove the cages so that human workers and robots may collaborate to create a human-robot co-existing factory. Manufacturers are interested in combining human's flexibility and robot's productivity in flexible production lines. The potential benefits of industrial co-robots are huge and extensive, e.g. they may be placed in human-robot teams in flexible production lines, where robot arms and human workers cooperate in handling workpieces, and automated guided vehicles (AGV) co-inhabit with human workers to facilitate factory logistics. In the factories of the future, more and more human-robot interactions are anticipated to take place.

The work of the British codebreakers at Bletchley Park during World War II is now a famous tale of genius, perseverance and success that saved the lives of civilians and troops alike and supposedly shortened the war by as many as two years. Using mathematical and deciphering skills as well as innovative computer technology, the supposedly unbreakable Enigma code was cracked, allowing British intelligence to discover where hostile U-boats, ships and troops were heading so that Allied troop and convoy vessels could alter their routes accordingly. The Enigma machine was so complex that its most advanced incarnation could be configured 158,962,555,217,826,360,000 different ways but had one flaw which led to its downfall - no letter could be substituted for itself. Even with this knowledge it took years many brilliant men to women months to crack the code. At the Imperial War Museum last week, two companies – DigitalOcean and Enigma Pattern – used the latest AI technology to decipher a German message in a live demonstration. Author Simon Singh, who has written on code breaking, explained the context and the importance of the encrypting machine.

Would you pay extra for Facebook, Snapchat and YouTube? That's how they do it in England, reports Jefferson Graham. Could that happen here too, in the wake of the relaxed FCC Net Neutrality rules? LOS ANGELES -- Like turning on lights and making phone calls, we consider it a right that we can watch free entertainment on YouTube, post travel photos on Facebook and listen to online music. After all, we treat Internet providers another utility, just like the electric or phone company, with our monthly service fees.

Microsoft has set up an internal "AI University" in a bid to help it overcome the skills shortage in the booming field of artificial intelligence (AI). Chris Bishop, the director of a Microsoft Research lab in Cambridge, UK, told Business Insider that the Microsoft AI University is one of several schemes Microsoft has implemented to address the lack of talent in the field of AI, where there's fierce competition between tech firms to hire the best people. "We have a thing called AI University, which is an internal education programme so that people who are incredibly smart and capable but trained in a different domain can quickly learn about machine learning both in a foundational sense but also in a practical sense of how to use it," said Bishop. When it comes to AI talent, Microsoft is competing with the likes of Amazon and Apple, who also have research offices in Cambridge, as well as DeepMind (owned by Google), Facebook, Twitter, and many others. Chris Bishop is the head of a Microsoft Research lab in Cambridge.Microsoft The global battle for talent is raging because of the potential AI breakthroughs that bright minds stand to make in the next few years thanks to recent advances in computation power and the availability of vast data sets.

Without a doubt, artificial intelligence (AI) is changing how we do things. From today's iterations that power apps in your smartphone, to promises of super-intelligent AI in the next few decades, more companies are pushing for integrating AI technology into what they do. All of this means that there could soon be a new AI business sector thanks to an explosion of innovation, according to Bruce Aust, vice chairman of the U.S. stock exchange Nasdaq. Speaking to CNBC at the ongoing Web Summit conference in Lisbon, Portugal, Aust predicts that AI could lead to the creation of completely new industries or sectors. "I think AI is really going to be the technology behind a lot of these great companies that provide the innovations that will be a new sector we probably don't know about yet," the Nasdaq chief said.

A person's university years should be all about expanding your horizons, as well as meeting people with perspectives and backgrounds different from your own. Well, what could be more different than sharing your classroom with a robot? That's what 31 philosophy students at Notre Dame de Namur University in California recently experienced when they were joined in their "Philosophy of Love" program by Bina48, an A.I. animatronic robot. The robot participated via Skype in a series of sessions before appearing "in person" in the final class. "I wasn't sure how the students would react, but they were psyched about it," Professor William Barry, an associate professor of philosophy at Notre Dame de Namur, told Digital Trends.

Due to the fact that telematics monitoring is almost standard in most vehicles these days, it is possible for AI to track the exact location of a car and automatically dispatch emergency assistance, should it be determined that an accident has taken place. Furthermore, the future use of driverless cars will integrate seamlessly into assistance centres, with AI diagnosing the problem and then digitally dispatching assistance, should it be deemed necessary. It is also becoming widely accepted that AI will be able to generate unique policies for each customer, based on their preferences and risk profile. AI-enabled assistance services will be able to render assistance services to these products without the risk of getting tied up between the different policy exclusions and limits. When we look at what is happening in the insurance industry currently, it is clear that it is in its Fourth Industrial Revolution.

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A deep learning algorithm can detect metastases in sections of lymph nodes from women with breast cancer; and a deep learning system (DLS) has high sensitivity and specificity for identifying diabetic retinopathy, according to two studies published online Dec. 12 in the Journal of the American Medical Association. Babak Ehteshami Bejnordi, from the Radboud University Medical Center in Nijmegen, Netherlands, and colleagues compared the performance of automated deep learning algorithms for detecting metastases in hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections of lymph nodes of women with breast cancer with pathologists' diagnoses in a diagnostic setting. The researchers found that the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) ranged from 0.556 to 0.994 for the algorithms. The lesion-level, true-positive fraction achieved for the top-performing algorithm was comparable to that of the pathologist without a time constraint at a mean of 0.0125 false-positives per normal whole-slide image. Daniel Shu Wei Ting, M.D., Ph.D., from the Singapore National Eye Center, and colleagues assessed the performance of a DLS for detecting referable diabetic retinopathy and related eye diseases using 494,661 retinal images.

All human jobs will be replaced by robots in the future, but plumbers, electricians and nurses will stay in employment the longest, according to an artificial intelligence expert. U.S author Martin Ford, who has written a bestselling book on robots, warned that soon, humans wont be able to compete with machines in any vocation. This follows an assurance from Labour's deputy leader Tom Watson, that the rise of robots can be a good thing for Britain because they will do the'boring and routine' jobs. They are coming: A U.S. AI expert has warned that all human jobs will be replaced by robots in the future, but that plumbers, electricians and nurses will stay in employment the longest But Mr Ford, whose most recent book is called Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future, warns that humans cannot become to complacent about the oncoming AI revolution. Speaking to Daily Star Online, Mr Ford warned that most jobs are going to be carried out by robots in a near future.