Skilful Machine Learned weather forecasts have challenged our approach to numerical weather prediction, demonstrating competitive performance compared to traditional physics-based approaches. Data-driven systems have been trained to forecast future weather by learning from long historical records of past weather such as the ECMWF ERA5. These datasets have been made freely available to the wider research community, including the commercial sector, which has been a major factor in the rapid rise of ML forecast systems and the levels of accuracy they have achieved. However, historical reanalyses used for training and real-time analyses used for initial conditions are produced by data assimilation, an optimal blending of observations with a physics-based forecast model. As such, many ML forecast systems have an implicit and unquantified dependence on the physics-based models they seek to challenge. Here we propose a new approach, training a neural network to predict future weather purely from historical observations with no dependence on reanalyses. We use raw observations to initialise a model of the atmosphere (in observation space) learned directly from the observations themselves. Forecasts of crucial weather parameters (such as surface temperature and wind) are obtained by predicting weather parameter observations (e.g. SYNOP surface data) at future times and arbitrary locations. We present preliminary results on forecasting observations 12-hours into the future. These already demonstrate successful learning of time evolutions of the physical processes captured in real observations. We argue that this new approach, by staying purely in observation space, avoids many of the challenges of traditional data assimilation, can exploit a wider range of observations and is readily expanded to simultaneous forecasting of the full Earth system (atmosphere, land, ocean and composition).

Scientific social stratification is a classic theme in the sociology of science. The deep integration of social media has bridged the gap between scientometrics and sociology of science. This study comprehensively analyzes the impact of social media on scientific stratification and mobility, delving into the complex interplay between academic status and social media activity in the digital age. [Research Method] Innovatively, this paper employs An Explainable Logistic Attribution Analysis from a meso-level perspective to explore the correlation between social media behaviors and scientific social stratification. It examines the impact of scientists' use of social media in the digital age on scientific stratification and mobility, uniquely combining statistical methods with machine learning. This fusion effectively integrates hypothesis testing with a substantive interpretation of the contribution of independent variables to the model. [Research Conclusion] Empirical evidence demonstrates that social media promotes stratification and mobility within the scientific community, revealing a nuanced and non-linear facilitation mechanism. Social media activities positively impact scientists' status within the scientific social hierarchy to a certain extent, but beyond a specific threshold, this impact turns negative. It shows that the advent of social media has opened new channels for academic influence, transcending the limitations of traditional academic publishing, and prompting changes in scientific stratification. Additionally, the study acknowledges the limitations of its experimental design and suggests future research directions.

The popularity of automated news headline generation has surged with advancements in pre-trained language models. However, these models often suffer from the ``hallucination'' problem, where the generated headline is not fully supported by its source article. Efforts to address this issue have predominantly focused on English, using over-simplistic classification schemes that overlook nuanced hallucination types. In this study, we introduce the first multilingual, fine-grained news headline hallucination detection dataset that contains over 11 thousand pairs in 5 languages, each annotated with detailed hallucination types by experts. We conduct extensive experiments on this dataset under two settings. First, we implement several supervised fine-tuning approaches as preparatory solutions and demonstrate this dataset's challenges and utilities. Second, we test various large language models' in-context learning abilities and propose two novel techniques, language-dependent demonstration selection and coarse-to-fine prompting, to boost the few-shot hallucination detection performance in terms of the example-F1 metric. We release this dataset to foster further research in multilingual, fine-grained headline hallucination detection.

A cooperative salvo strategy is proposed in this paper which achieves consensus among the interceptors within a pre-defined arbitrary settling time. Considering non-linear engagement kinematics and a system lag to capture the effect of interceptor autopilot as present in realistic interception scenarios, the guidance schemes use the time-to-go estimates of the interceptors in order to achieve simultaneous interception of a stationary target at a pre-determined impact time. The guidance scheme ensures that consensus among the time-to-go estimates of the interceptors is achieved within a settling time whose upper bound can be pre-specified arbitrarily independent of the initial conditions or design parameters. The efficacy of the proposed guidance strategy is demonstrated using numerical simulations with varied conditions of initial position, velocities and heading angle errors of the interceptors as well as different desired impact times.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a key driver of precision agriculture, facilitating enhanced crop productivity, optimized resource use, farm sustainability, and informed decision-making. Also, the expansion of genome sequencing technology has greatly increased crop genomic resources, deepening our understanding of genetic variation and enhancing desirable crop traits to optimize performance in various environments. There is increasing interest in using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms for genotype-to-phenotype prediction due to their excellence in capturing complex interactions within large, high-dimensional datasets. In this work, we propose a new LSTM autoencoder-based model for barley genotype-to-phenotype prediction, specifically for flowering time and grain yield estimation, which could potentially help optimize yields and management practices. Our model outperformed the other baseline methods, demonstrating its potential in handling complex high-dimensional agricultural datasets and enhancing crop phenotype prediction performance.

What do we want from machine intelligence? We envision machines that are not just tools for thought, but partners in thought: reasonable, insightful, knowledgeable, reliable, and trustworthy systems that think with us. Current artificial intelligence (AI) systems satisfy some of these criteria, some of the time. In this Perspective, we show how the science of collaborative cognition can be put to work to engineer systems that really can be called ``thought partners,'' systems built to meet our expectations and complement our limitations. We lay out several modes of collaborative thought in which humans and AI thought partners can engage and propose desiderata for human-compatible thought partnerships. Drawing on motifs from computational cognitive science, we motivate an alternative scaling path for the design of thought partners and ecosystems around their use through a Bayesian lens, whereby the partners we construct actively build and reason over models of the human and world.

Industry 5.0, which focuses on human and Artificial Intelligence (AI) collaboration for performing different tasks in manufacturing, involves a higher number of robots, Internet of Things (IoTs) devices and interconnections, Augmented/Virtual Reality (AR), and other smart devices. The huge involvement of these devices and interconnection in various critical areas, such as economy, health, education and defense systems, poses several types of potential security flaws. AI itself has been proven a very effective and powerful tool in different areas of cybersecurity, such as intrusion detection, malware detection, and phishing detection, among others. Just as in many application areas, cybersecurity professionals were reluctant to accept black-box ML solutions for cybersecurity applications. This reluctance pushed forward the adoption of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) as a tool that helps explain how decisions are made in ML-based systems. In this survey, we present a comprehensive study of different XAI-based intrusion detection systems for industry 5.0, and we also examine the impact of explainability and interpretability on Cybersecurity practices through the lens of Adversarial XIDS (Adv-XIDS) approaches. Furthermore, we analyze the possible opportunities and challenges in XAI cybersecurity systems for industry 5.0 that elicit future research toward XAI-based solutions to be adopted by high-stakes industry 5.0 applications. We believe this rigorous analysis will establish a foundational framework for subsequent research endeavors within the specified domain.

Training and deploying Machine Learning models that simultaneously adhere to principles of fairness and privacy while ensuring good utility poses a significant challenge. The interplay between these three factors of trustworthiness is frequently underestimated and remains insufficiently explored. Consequently, many efforts focus on ensuring only two of these factors, neglecting one in the process. The decentralization of the datasets and the variations in distributions among the clients exacerbate the complexity of achieving this ethical trade-off in the context of Federated Learning (FL). For the first time in FL literature, we address these three factors of trustworthiness. We introduce PUFFLE, a high-level parameterised approach that can help in the exploration of the balance between utility, privacy, and fairness in FL scenarios. We prove that PUFFLE can be effective across diverse datasets, models, and data distributions, reducing the model unfairness up to 75%, with a maximum reduction in the utility of 17% in the worst-case scenario, while maintaining strict privacy guarantees during the FL training.

Violence-provoking speech -- speech that implicitly or explicitly promotes violence against the members of the targeted community, contributed to a massive surge in anti-Asian crimes during the pandemic. While previous works have characterized and built tools for detecting other forms of harmful speech, like fear speech and hate speech, our work takes a community-centric approach to studying anti-Asian violence-provoking speech. Using data from ~420k Twitter posts spanning a 3-year duration (January 1, 2020 to February 1, 2023), we develop a codebook to characterize anti-Asian violence-provoking speech and collect a community-crowdsourced dataset to facilitate its large-scale detection using state-of-the-art classifiers. We contrast the capabilities of natural language processing classifiers, ranging from BERT-based to LLM-based classifiers, in detecting violence-provoking speech with their capabilities to detect anti-Asian hateful speech. In contrast to prior work that has demonstrated the effectiveness of such classifiers in detecting hateful speech ($F_1 = 0.89$), our work shows that accurate and reliable detection of violence-provoking speech is a challenging task ($F_1 = 0.69$). We discuss the implications of our findings, particularly the need for proactive interventions to support Asian communities during public health crises. The resources related to the study are available at https://claws-lab.github.io/violence-provoking-speech/.

We delve into the issue of node classification within graphs, specifically reevaluating the concept of neighborhood aggregation, which is a fundamental component in graph neural networks (GNNs). Our analysis reveals conceptual flaws within certain benchmark GNN models when operating under the assumption of edge-independent node labels, a condition commonly observed in benchmark graphs employed for node classification. Approaching neighborhood aggregation from a statistical signal processing perspective, our investigation provides novel insights which may be used to design more efficient GNN models.