What it takes for businesses to succeed has changed dramatically in the last decade, and the 2020s portend even more change. Many organizations will need to undergo fundamental changes to keep up with evolving technology and competition. But traditional transformation practices, generally grounded in subjective rules of thumb and one-size-fits-all programs, will not be sufficient. Our work with companies pursuing large-scale change suggests they will need a more scientific and evidence-based approach to change. Many companies today are undergoing transformation in order to apply AI and machine learning to product development, operations, marketing, and other operational aspects of the business.