Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are an attractive tool for partial-observation problems in biology, where the governing dynamics are known but some compartments cannot be measured. Chemotherapy pharmacokinetics (PK) is a clean instance: drug concentration in plasma is routinely measured, but concentration in tissue -- which determines tumour kill and off-target toxicity -- is not. We benchmark a PINN against the standard clinical baseline (nonlinear least-squares on the analytical biexponential plasma solution, hereafter NLS) and a physics-agnostic neural baseline (a data-only MLP) on two PK problems. On the linear two-compartment problem, NLS is near-optimal; the PINN matches it to within a small constant factor while also producing the tissue curve in a single training pass, whereas the data-only MLP fails on tissue by roughly 10x. On a Michaelis-Menten extension (saturable elimination), the biexponential closed form no longer exists, so NLS is mis-specified and silently returns meaningless rate constants. The PINN instead exposes a deeper fact: the Michaelis-Menten two-compartment model is non-identifiable from plasma alone, and the PINN reports this honestly by converging to a basin with k12 -> 0. Adding two sparse tissue observations largely resolves identifiability: across five seeds the PINN recovers k21 to within 1% of truth and Vmax, Km to within one standard-deviation bar, while k12 moves in the correct direction (0.02 -> 0.82) but remains ~2 sigma below truth -- a recovery the closed-form NLS estimator cannot attempt at all, because its biexponential ansatz describes only plasma. Our claim is not that PINNs beat NLS. It is that PINNs offer a uniform recipe that ties the textbook estimator on the textbook problem, exposes structural identifiability that the textbook estimator hides, and absorbs heterogeneous measurements within a single loss.

Machine Learning (ML) is one of the most exciting and dynamic areas of modern research and application. The purpose of this review is to provide an introduction to the core concepts and tools of machine learning in a manner easily understood and intuitive to physicists. The review begins by covering fundamental concepts in ML and modern statistics such as the bias-variance tradeoff, overfitting, regularization, and generalization before moving on to more advanced topics in both supervised and unsupervised learning. Topics covered in the review include ensemble models, deep learning and neural networks, clustering and data visualization, energy-based models (including MaxEnt models and Restricted Boltzmann Machines), and variational methods. Throughout, we emphasize the many natural connections between ML and statistical physics. A notable aspect of the review is the use of Python notebooks to introduce modern ML/statistical packages to readers using physics-inspired datasets (the Ising Model and Monte-Carlo simulations of supersymmetric decays of proton-proton collisions). We conclude with an extended outlook discussing possible uses of machine learning for furthering our understanding of the physical world as well as open problems in ML where physicists maybe able to contribute. (Notebooks are available at https://physics.bu.edu/~pankajm/MLnotebooks.html )

The eight sections are (1) Artificial Intelligence (introductory material); (2) Problem-Solving (search and game playing); (3) Knowledge and Reasoning (propositional and predicate logic, inference techniques, knowledge representation); (4) Acting Logically (planning); (5) Uncertain Knowledge and Reasoning (probabilistic reasoning, Bayesian nets, decision-theoretic techniques); (6) Learning (inductive learning, neural nets, reinforcement learning); (7) Communicating, Perceiving, and Acting (natural language processing, computer vision, robotics); and (8) Conclusions (philosophical foundations and summary). What makes this textbook so good? First, it is remarkably comprehensive. In the preface, the authors suggest several alternative paths through the book that could serve as the basis of a one-semester course. At the University of Pittsburgh, my colleagues and I cover roughly the first half of the book (Sections 1-4) in the firstsemester introductory graduate AI course, covering most of Sections 5 through 8 in a second-semester course.

Statistical learning and related methods are necessary to work in data science. This textbook is designed to help anyone and everyone, from an undergraduate to a Ph.D. student, understand the concepts. Of course, it also offers a great selection of R labs and practices, with detailed explanations and walkthroughs. The idea is that you can use it as a direct resource while practicing data science, especially during the educational phase. Plus, it's a great resource to have around and look back at regularly. The concepts and information are practical for daily applications.

"This book appears in the Information Science and Statistics Series commissioned by the publishers.

An Introduction to Statistical Learning provides an accessible overview of the field of statistical learning, an essential toolset for making sense of the vast and complex data sets that have emerged in fields ranging from biology to finance to marketing to astrophysics in the past twenty years. This book presents some of the most important modeling and prediction techniques, along with relevant applications. Topics include linear regression, classification, resampling methods, shrinkage approaches, tree-based methods, support vector machines, clustering, and more. Color graphics and real-world examples are used to illustrate the methods presented. Since the goal of this textbook is to facilitate the use of these statistical learning techniques by practitioners in science, industry, and other fields, each chapter contains a tutorial on implementing the analyses and methods presented in R, an extremely popular open source statistical software platform.

Your consumers spend a lot of time exploring and analyzing suitable information―which books to study, which news articles to read, which songs to play, which movies to watch, which games to play, and so on. Imagine, what their experience would be like, if they don't need to pick anything on their own, but are presented with options of their liking―be it in education or media or entertainment. Here are some of the things they can be offered: • Adaptive text-books, in which content changes based on the pace of learning and comfort level of the reader. Such advancements reduce the overall time spent on information discovery, and increase the scope of effective information consumption (or learning). Domains such as education, publishing, entertainment, and advertisement mostly deal with granular digital assets (text, images, audio, video, multi-media, and so on), and are better prepared to enhance personalization even without creating new content from scratch.

Your consumers spend a lot of time exploring and analyzing suitable information―which books to study, which news articles to read, which songs to play, which movies to watch, which games to play, and so on. Imagine, what their experience would be like, if they don't need to pick anything on their own, but are presented with options of their liking―be it in education or media or entertainment. Here are some of the things they can be offered: • Adaptive text-books, in which content changes based on the pace of learning and comfort level of the reader. Such advancements reduce the overall time spent on information discovery, and increase the scope of effective information consumption (or learning). Domains such as education, publishing, entertainment, and advertisement mostly deal with granular digital assets (text, images, audio, video, multi-media, and so on), and are better prepared to enhance personalization even without creating new content from scratch.

This book covers the topic of recommender systems comprehensively, starting with the fundamentals and then exploring the advanced topics. Algorithms and evaluation: These chapters discuss the fundamental algorithms in recommender systems, including collaborative filtering methods, content-based methods, knowledge-based methods, ensemble-based methods, and evaluation. Recommendations in specific domains and contexts: The context of a recommendation can be viewed as important side information that affects the recommendation goals. Different types of context such as temporal data, spatial data, social data, tagging data, and trustworthiness are explored. Advanced topics and applications: Various robustness aspects of recommender systems, such as shilling systems, attack models, and their defenses are discussed.

Electronic Geometry Textbook is a knowledge management system that manages geometric textbook knowledge to enable users to construct and share dynamic geometry textbooks interactively and efficiently. Based on a knowledge base organizing and storing the knowledge represented in specific languages, the system implements interfaces for maintaining the data representing that knowledge as well as relations among those data, for automatically generating readable documents for viewing or printing, and for automatically discovering the relations among knowledge data. An interface has been developed for users to create geometry textbooks with automatic checking, in real time, of the consistency of the structure of each resulting textbook. By integrating an external geometric theorem prover and an external dynamic geometry software package, the system offers the facilities for automatically proving theorems and generating dynamic figures in the created textbooks. This paper provides a comprehensive account of the current version of Electronic Geometry Textbook.