This paper introduces the "Singularity Warfare" concept, arguing that the accelerating pace of technological revolution, driven by artificial intelligence and quantum mechanics, is fundamentally reshaping the nature of conflict. Moving beyond traditional "Newtonian" warfare and current military doctrine s, this framework posits that future battlefields will be defined by a merger of physical and abstract domains, where human imagination and algorithmic logic become a unified, actionable reality. Victory will hinge on a unit's ability to maintain cognitive and technological "coherence" while creating "decoherence" in the adversary. The paper synthesizes theories from physics, philosophy, and futurology to provide a metatheoretical framework for understanding this paradigm shift. Introduction Following the Second World War, modern warfare was traditionally divided into two primary categories: strategic and conventional forces.

Creative processes are typically divided into three types: combinatorial, exploratory, and transformational. Here, we provide a graphical theory of transformational scientific creativity, synthesizing Boden's insight that trans-formational creativity arises from changes in the "enabling constraints" of a conceptual space (Boden 1992) and Kuhn's structure of scientific revolutions as resulting from paradigm shifts (Kuhn 1962). We prove that modifications made to axioms of our graphical model have the most transformative potential and then illustrate how several historical instances of transforma-tional creativity can be captured by our framework.

While he was examining algae from a nearby lake through his homemade microscope, a creature "with green and very glittering little scales," which he estimated to be a thousand times smaller than a mite, had darted across his vision. Two years later, on October 9, 1676, he followed up with another report so extraordinary that microbiologists today refer to it simply as "Letter 18": Van Leeuwenhoek (lay-u-when-hoke) had looked everywhere and found what he called animalcules (Latin for "little animals") in everything. He found them in the bellies of other animals, his food, his own mouth, and other people's mouths. When he noticed a set of remarkably rancid teeth, he asked the owner for a sample of his plaque, put it beneath his lens, and witnessed "an inconceivably great number of little animalcules" moving "so nimbly among one another, that the whole stuff seemed alive." After a particularly uncomfortable evening, which he blamed on a fatty meal of hot smoked beef, he examined his own stool beneath his lens and saw animalcules that were "somewhat longer than broad, and their belly, which was flat-like, furnished with sundry little paws"--a clear description of what we now know as the parasite giardia. With his observations of these fast, fat, and sundry-pawed creatures, Van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to ever see a microorganism--a discovery of almost incalculable significance to human health and our understanding of life on this planet.

The development in the number and scale of universities throughout the world, as well as the expansion of their research endeavors as a method of enhancing their reputations and attracting both students and sponsors, is driving demand in this lucrative academic publishing sector. Because publishing metrics have become the key indicator of academic achievement and the primary motivator for career development, they have become the primary gauge of academic performance and the primary incentive for career progress. The concept "publish or perish" has become norm many fields. As a result, the rate of scientific publishing has increased exponentially in recent decades, with output rates approaching 2.5 million per year by 2017. The proliferation of so-called "predatory" journals, which provide speedy publishing without peer review or considerable editorial control, is another result of this increase in demand for publication channels.To counter the current science climate, Open Science has emerged.

The ability of ancient humans to master tools coincided with their ability to teach others, a new study says. UK researchers conducted experiments designed to replicate the evolution of human-made tools over several hundred years with pipe cleaners and bits of paper. The experts found that participants who taught each other made the most rapid progress, compared with those who had to merely imitate others or learn by themselves. The improvement of technologies and tools across generations, known as'cumulative cultural evolution' (CCE), has been key to our success as a species. But the origins of CCE, which have led to world-changing inventions such as the internet, aviation and human spaceflight, are difficult to trace.

The Israelian historian Yuval Noah Harari has achieved international fame for having written a history of Homo Sapiens (humankind), a prophetic prediction of its end, and the beginning of new species called Homo Deus: an immortal cyborg with divine powers. The book that started it all is called: Sapiens – A Brief History of Humankind. In her article, Yuval Noah Harari: The age of the cyborg has begun – and the consequences cannot be known, Carole Cadwalladr asks Harari: In some ways, I say, it struck me that Sapiens isn't actually a history book – it's a philosophy book that asks the big, philosophical questions and attempts to answer them through history. I think that I see history as a philosophy laboratory. Philosophers come up with all these very interesting questions about the human condition, but the way that most of them – though not all – go about answering them is through thought experiments. When I discovered Harari, I came to think about Stephen Hawking s book: A Brief History of Time. In the book Hawking seems to want to surpass Nietzsche s declaration: God is Dead! In the introduction he presents a variety of philosophical questions, whereafter he says: Traditionally these are questions for philosophy; but philosophy is dead. Philosophy has not kept up with modern development in science, particular physics…[See my article: A Critique of Stephen Hawking].

What would happen if we made all of our data public--everything from wearables monitoring our biometrics, all the way to smartphones monitoring our location, our social media activity, and even our internet search history? Would such insights into our lives simply provide companies and politicians with greater power to invade our privacy and manipulate us by using our psychological profiles against us? A burgeoning new philosophy called dataism doesn't think so. In fact, this trending ideology believes that liberating the flow of data is the supreme value of the universe, and that it could be the key to unleashing the greatest scientific revolution in the history of humanity. First mentioned by David Brooks in his 2013 New York Times article "The Philosophy of Data," dataism is an ethical system that has been most heavily explored and popularized by renowned historian, Yuval Noah Harari.

Errol Morris feels that Thomas Kuhn saved him from a career he was not suited for--by having him thrown out of Princeton. In 1972, Kuhn was a professor of philosophy and the history of science at Princeton, and author of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, which gave the world the term "paradigm shift." As Morris tells the story in his recent book, The Ashtray, Kuhn was antagonized by Morris' suggestions that Kuhn was a megalomaniac and The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was an assault on truth and progress. To say the least, Morris, then 24, was already the iconoclast who would go on to make some of the most original documentary films of our time. After launching the career he was suited for with The Gates of Heaven in 1978, a droll affair about pet cemeteries, Morris earned international acclaim with The Thin Blue Line, which led to the reversal of a murder conviction of a prisoner who had been on death row. In 2004, Morris won an Academy Award for The Fog of War, a dissection of former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, a major architect of the Vietnam War. His 2017 film, Wormwood, a miniseries on Netflix, centers on the mystery surrounding a scientist who in 1975 worked on a biological warfare program for the Army, and suspiciously fell to his death from a hotel room. The Ashtray--Morris explains the title in our interview below--is as arresting and idiosyncratic as Morris' films.

Beyond innovations in existing sectors, the rapidly improving price/performance of GPTs have led over time to the creation of whole new applications and industries. For example, the steady declines in the price of electricity-generated power and the improvement in the efficiency of electric motors led to the radical transformation of manufacturing in the early part of the 20th century with the advent of the assembly line. It also led to the creation of the consumer appliance industry. Similarly, as the semiconductor industry took off, it led to the historical transition from the industrial economy of the past two centuries to our ongoing digital economy. It's only been in the last few years that major advances in machine learning have taken AI from the lab to early adopters in the marketplace.

The 18th-century Irish philosopher Bishop George Berkeley concluded that, since all we know of the universe is what our senses convey to us, things in the world exist only to the extent that we perceive them. They have no material reality, but are phenomena in and of our minds, or the mind of God. Samuel Johnson famously countered this philosophy by kicking a large stone and saying, "I refute it thus!" Two hundred years later, while American campuses roiled with protests against the Vietnam War, the philosopher, historian, and physicist Thomas Kuhn met with a grad student at Princeton's legendary Institute for Advanced Study to discuss the student's paper. The professor and student disagreed on some fundamental ideas, and the conversation grew heated.