Our work presents a novel reinforcement learning (RL) based framework to optimize heuristic selection within the conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) process, improving the efficiency of Boolean satisfia-bility (SAT) solving. The proposed system, LangSAT, bridges the gap between natural language inputs and propositional logic by converting English descriptions into Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) expressions and solving them using an RL-enhanced CDCL SAT solver. Unlike existing SAT-solving platforms that require CNF as input, LangSAT enables users to input standard English descriptions, making SAT-solving more accessible. The framework comprises two key components: Lang2Logic, which translates English sentences into CNF expressions, and SmartSAT, an RL-based SAT solver. SmartSAT encodes clause-variable relationships as structured graph representations and extracts global features specific to the SAT problem. This implementation provides the RL agent with deeper contextual information, enabling SAT problems to be solved more efficiently. Lang2Logic was evaluated on diverse natural language inputs, processing descriptions up to 450 words. The generated CNFs were solved by SmartSAT, which demonstrated comparable performance to traditional CDCL heuristics with respect to solving time. The combined LangSAT framework offers a more accessible and scalable solution for SAT-solving tasks across reasoning, formal verification, and debugging.

Recent advances in natural language processing (NLP), particularly large language models (LLMs), have motivated the automatic translation of natural language statements into formal logic without human intervention. This enables automated reasoning and facilitates debugging, finding loop invariants, and adhering to specifications in software systems. However, hallucinations-incorrect outputs generated by LLMs are challenging, particularly for logical translation tasks requiring precision. This work introduces a novel framework that inputs English sentences, converts them into logical expressions, and then translates them into Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) for satisfiability solving. It employs classical NLP techniques with self-defined grammar, symbolic computation libraries, and a fine-tuned language model to reduce hallucinations. In the early experiments, we observed that the fine-tuned model, trained on different grammar settings, could intentionally correct the same types of hallucinations made by the original model. Thus, it provides reliable CNF generation.

This layer contains the information of the background adversarial vehicles whose behaviors are not directly guided by LinguaSim. These vehicles are automatically generated and placed around the ego vehicle and the guided adversarial vehicles by LLM agent Chaos Maker, and roam aimlessly on the given map. The background vehicles significantly increase the uncertainty and complexity of the generated scenarios. B. Adversarial Behavior Generation Compared to other state-of-the-art methods for generating 3D realistic scenarios from natural language descriptions, LinguaSim achieves a higher level of realism, flexibility, and interactivity due to the innovative structure of its Action Generator agent. The detailed workflow of this component will be elaborated further in this section, with a simplified operational logic of the Action Generator illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 1: The basic workflow of module Action Generator To establish a solid foundation for the Action Generator, a retrieval database was constructed to store various behaviors available for the guided adversarial vehicles. Each behavior in the database is referred to as an Atomic Behavior, serving as a fundamental component in the subsequent process. As illustrated in Figure 1, each Atomic Behavior comprises three essential parts: 1) Agent Selection: An autonomous driving agent is selected to guide the adversarial vehicle to which Figure 1: An example of the Behavior T opology W eb generated by the Action Generator the Atomic Behavior is applied. LinguaSim includes various predefined agents, such as the basic CARLA built-in agent that follows a given route, an auto cruise control (ACC) agent that follows the vehicle in front, or the PlanT agent, an imitation-learning-based planning algorithm developed by Renz, Chitta et al. [10]. These agents serve different purposes; for example, the F ollow V ehicle behavior uses the ACC agent, while the PlanT agent is often used for less aggressive behaviors to mimic cautious drivers.

We present Photonics Intelligent Design and Optimization (PhIDO), a multi-agent framework that converts natural-language photonic integrated circuit (PIC) design requests into layout mask files. We compare 7 reasoning large language models for PhIDO using a testbench of 102 design descriptions that ranged from single devices to 112-component PICs. The success rate for single-device designs was up to 91%. For design queries with less than or equal to 15 components, o1, Gemini-2.5-pro, and Claude Opus 4 achieved the highest end-to-end pass@5 success rates of approximately 57%, with Gemini-2.5-pro requiring the fewest output tokens and lowest cost. The next steps toward autonomous PIC development include standardized knowledge representations, expanded datasets, extended verification, and robotic automation.

Merging natural language interfaces with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) workflows presents transformative opportunities for both industry and research. In this study, we introduce OptMetaOpenFOAM - a novel framework that bridges MetaOpenFOAM with external analysis and optimization tool libraries through a large language model (LLM)-driven chain-of-thought (COT) methodology. By automating complex CFD tasks via natural language inputs, the framework empowers non-expert users to perform sensitivity analyses and parameter optimizations with markedly improved efficiency. The test dataset comprises 11 distinct CFD analysis or optimization tasks, including a baseline simulation task derived from an OpenFOAM tutorial covering fluid dynamics, combustion, and heat transfer. Results confirm that OptMetaOpenFOAM can accurately interpret user requirements expressed in natural language and effectively invoke external tool libraries alongside MetaOpenFOAM to complete the tasks. Furthermore, validation on a non-OpenFOAM tutorial case - namely, a hydrogen combustion chamber - demonstrates that a mere 200-character natural language input can trigger a sequence of simulation, postprocessing, analysis, and optimization tasks spanning over 2,000 lines of code. These findings underscore the transformative potential of LLM-driven COT methodologies in linking external tool for advanced analysis and optimization, positioning OptMetaOpenFOAM as an effective tool that streamlines CFD simulations and enhances their convenience and efficiency for both industrial and research applications. Code is available at https://github.com/Terry-cyx/MetaOpenFOAM.

As Large Language Models (LLMs) advance in natural language processing, there is growing interest in leveraging their capabilities to simplify software interactions. In this paper, we propose a novel system that integrates LLMs for both classifying natural language inputs into corresponding API calls and automating the creation of sample datasets tailored to specific API functions. By classifying natural language commands, our system allows users to invoke complex software functionalities through simple inputs, improving interaction efficiency and lowering the barrier to software utilization. Our dataset generation approach also enables the efficient and systematic evaluation of different LLMs in classifying API calls, offering a practical tool for developers or business owners to assess the suitability of LLMs for customized API management. We conduct experiments on several prominent LLMs using generated sample datasets for various API functions. The results show that GPT-4 achieves a high classification accuracy of 0.996, while LLaMA-3-8B performs much worse at 0.759. These findings highlight the potential of LLMs to transform API management and validate the effectiveness of our system in guiding model testing and selection across diverse applications.

This paper reports an evaluation of ChatGPT's capability of generating R programming language code from natural language input. A dataset specially designed for generating R program code was constructed with metadata to support scenario-based testing and evaluation of code generation capabilities in various usage scenarios of different levels of difficulty and different types of programs. The evaluation takes a multiple attempt process in which the tester tries to complete the code generation task through a number of attempts until a satisfactory solution is obtained or gives up after a fixed number of maximal attempts. In each attempt the tester formulates a natural language input to ChatGPT based on the previous results and the task to be completed. In addition to the metrics of average numbers of attempts and average amount of time taken to complete the tasks, the final generated solutions are then assessed on a number of quality attributes, including accuracy, completeness, conciseness, readability, well structuredness, logic clarity, depth of ex-planation, and coverage of parameters. Our experiments demonstrated that ChatGPT is in general highly capable of generating high quality R program code as well as textual explanations although it may fail on hard programming tasks. The experiment data also shows that human developers can hardly learn from experiences naturally to improve the skill of using ChatGPT to generate code.

We present Text-to-OverpassQL, a task designed to facilitate a natural language interface for querying geodata from OpenStreetMap (OSM). The Overpass Query Language (OverpassQL) allows users to formulate complex database queries and is widely adopted in the OSM ecosystem. Generating Overpass queries from natural language input serves multiple use-cases. It enables novice users to utilize OverpassQL without prior knowledge, assists experienced users with crafting advanced queries, and enables tool-augmented large language models to access information stored in the OSM database. In order to assess the performance of current sequence generation models on this task, we propose OverpassNL, a dataset of 8,352 queries with corresponding natural language inputs. We further introduce task specific evaluation metrics and ground the evaluation of the Text-to-OverpassQL task by executing the queries against the OSM database. We establish strong baselines by finetuning sequence-to-sequence models and adapting large language models with in-context examples. The detailed evaluation reveals strengths and weaknesses of the considered learning strategies, laying the foundations for further research into the Text-to-OverpassQL task.

Motivated by the substantial achievements observed in Large Language Models (LLMs) in the field of natural language processing, recent research has commenced investigations into the application of LLMs for complex, long-horizon sequential task planning challenges in robotics. LLMs are advantageous in offering the potential to enhance the generalizability as task-agnostic planners and facilitate flexible interaction between human instructors and planning systems. However, task plans generated by LLMs often lack feasibility and correctness. To address this challenge, we introduce ISR-LLM, a novel framework that improves LLM-based planning through an iterative self-refinement process. The framework operates through three sequential steps: preprocessing, planning, and iterative self-refinement. During preprocessing, an LLM translator is employed to convert natural language input into a Planning Domain Definition Language (PDDL) formulation. In the planning phase, an LLM planner formulates an initial plan, which is then assessed and refined in the iterative self-refinement step by using a validator. We examine the performance of ISR-LLM across three distinct planning domains. The results show that ISR-LLM is able to achieve markedly higher success rates in task accomplishments compared to state-of-the-art LLM-based planners. Moreover, it also preserves the broad applicability and generalizability of working with natural language instructions.

Github Copilot, the AI-powered code completion tool developed by Github and OpenAI, has been making waves in the development community since its beta release in June 2021. With the ability to generate code suggestions and snippets based on natural language input from the user, Copilot has the potential to revolutionize the way developers work. However, as with any new technology, there are both potential benefits and concerns that come with Copilot's introduction to the programming world. By generating code based on natural language input, Copilot can help beginners get started with coding or enable developers to work in new programming languages without needing to learn every detail of the syntax. By reducing the potential for errors or inconsistencies, Copilot can help ensure that code is more reliable and easier to maintain.