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Loss Functions for Multiset Prediction

Neural Information Processing Systems

We study the problem of multiset prediction. The goal of multiset prediction is to train a predictor that maps an input to a multiset consisting of multiple items. Unlike existing problems in supervised learning, such as classification, ranking and sequence generation, there is no known order among items in a target multiset, and each item in the multiset may appear more than once, making this problem extremely challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel multiset loss function by viewing this problem from the perspective of sequential decision making. The proposed multiset loss function is empirically evaluated on two families of datasets, one synthetic and the other real, with varying levels of difficulty, against various baseline loss functions including reinforcement learning, sequence, and aggregated distribution matching loss functions. The experiments reveal the effectiveness of the proposed loss function over the others.



Saliency-based Sequential Image Attention with Multiset Prediction

Neural Information Processing Systems

Central to models of human visual attention is the saliency map. We propose a hierarchical visual architecture that operates on a saliency map and uses a novel attention mechanism to sequentially focus on salient regions and take additional glimpses within those regions. The architecture is motivated by human visual attention, and is used for multi-label image classification on a novel multiset task, demonstrating that it achieves high precision and recall while localizing objects with its attention. Unlike conventional multi-label image classification models, the model supports multiset prediction due to a reinforcement-learning based training process that allows for arbitrary label permutation and multiple instances per label.


Loss Functions for Multiset Prediction

Neural Information Processing Systems

We study the problem of multiset prediction. The goal of multiset prediction is to train a predictor that maps an input to a multiset consisting of multiple items. Unlike existing problems in supervised learning, such as classification, ranking and sequence generation, there is no known order among items in a target multiset, and each item in the multiset may appear more than once, making this problem extremely challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel multiset loss function by viewing this problem from the perspective of sequential decision making. The proposed multiset loss function is empirically evaluated on two families of datasets, one synthetic and the other real, with varying levels of difficulty, against various baseline loss functions including reinforcement learning, sequence, and aggregated distribution matching loss functions. The experiments reveal the effectiveness of the proposed loss function over the others.


Loss Functions for Multiset Prediction

Sean Welleck, Zixin Yao, Yu Gai, Jialin Mao, Zheng Zhang, Kyunghyun Cho

Neural Information Processing Systems

We study the problem of multiset prediction. The goal of multiset prediction is to train a predictor that maps an input to a multiset consisting of multiple items.


Reviews: Loss Functions for Multiset Prediction

Neural Information Processing Systems

This paper studies the problem of multiset prediction, where the task in to predict a multiset of labels out of the set of allowed multisets. The proposed method does sequential predictions of labels and is trained to imitate the optimal oracle strategy. The method is evaluated on the two tasks: MultiMNIST and recognition of multiple objects on the COCO dataset. The paper is clearly written, explains the method and some theoretical properties well. The description of the experiments looks good enough.


Reviews: Saliency-based Sequential Image Attention with Multiset Prediction

Neural Information Processing Systems

In this paper, the authors proposed a hierarchical visual architecture that operates on a saliency map and uses a novel attention mechanism based on 2D Gaussian model. Furthermore this mechanism sequentially focuses on salient regions and takes additional glimpses within those regions in multi-label image classification. This sequential attention model also supports multiset prediction, where a reinforcement learning based training procedure allows classification to be done on instances with arbitrary label permutation and multiple instances per label. Pros: 1) This paper proposes a novel saliency based attention mechanism that utilizes saliency in the top layer (meta-controller) with a new 2D Gaussian based attention map. This new attention map models the regional /positional 2D information with a mixture of Gaussian distributions, which is more general than the standard attention layer (in DRAW, Show-attend-tell), where attention is enforced based on softmax activation. This mechanism is intuitive as it's inspired by human-level attention mechanism.


Loss Functions for Multiset Prediction

Welleck, Sean, Yao, Zixin, Gai, Yu, Mao, Jialin, Zhang, Zheng, Cho, Kyunghyun

Neural Information Processing Systems

We study the problem of multiset prediction. The goal of multiset prediction is to train a predictor that maps an input to a multiset consisting of multiple items. Unlike existing problems in supervised learning, such as classification, ranking and sequence generation, there is no known order among items in a target multiset, and each item in the multiset may appear more than once, making this problem extremely challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel multiset loss function by viewing this problem from the perspective of sequential decision making. The proposed multiset loss function is empirically evaluated on two families of datasets, one synthetic and the other real, with varying levels of difficulty, against various baseline loss functions including reinforcement learning, sequence, and aggregated distribution matching loss functions.


Saliency-based Sequential Image Attention with Multiset Prediction

Welleck, Sean, Mao, Jialin, Cho, Kyunghyun, Zhang, Zheng

Neural Information Processing Systems

Central to models of human visual attention is the saliency map. We propose a hierarchical visual architecture that operates on a saliency map and uses a novel attention mechanism to sequentially focus on salient regions and take additional glimpses within those regions. The architecture is motivated by human visual attention, and is used for multi-label image classification on a novel multiset task, demonstrating that it achieves high precision and recall while localizing objects with its attention. Unlike conventional multi-label image classification models, the model supports multiset prediction due to a reinforcement-learning based training process that allows for arbitrary label permutation and multiple instances per label. Papers published at the Neural Information Processing Systems Conference.


Loss Functions for Multiset Prediction

Welleck, Sean, Yao, Zixin, Gai, Yu, Mao, Jialin, Zhang, Zheng, Cho, Kyunghyun

Neural Information Processing Systems

We study the problem of multiset prediction. The goal of multiset prediction is to train a predictor that maps an input to a multiset consisting of multiple items. Unlike existing problems in supervised learning, such as classification, ranking and sequence generation, there is no known order among items in a target multiset, and each item in the multiset may appear more than once, making this problem extremely challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel multiset loss function by viewing this problem from the perspective of sequential decision making. The proposed multiset loss function is empirically evaluated on two families of datasets, one synthetic and the other real, with varying levels of difficulty, against various baseline loss functions including reinforcement learning, sequence, and aggregated distribution matching loss functions. The experiments reveal the effectiveness of the proposed loss function over the others.