It began with the "heartless" Tin man from the Wizard of Oz and continued with the humanoid robot that impersonated Maria in Metropolis. By the 1950s, we had a generation of scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers with the concept of artificial intelligence (or AI) culturally assimilated in their minds. One such person was Alan Turing, a young British polymath who explored the mathematical possibility of artificial intelligence. Turing suggested that humans use available information as well as reason in order to solve problems and make decisions, so why can't machines do the same thing? This was the logical framework of his 1950 paper, Computing Machinery and Intelligence in which he discussed how to build intelligent machines and how to test their intelligence.

Answer: D. The Dartmouth conference hosted by

Artificial intelligence is suddenly in people's homes, driving their cars, and running their security systems. Users interact with chatbots, sometimes unaware they're not talking to live people. Designers and marketing agencies trust computer-generated insights and machine learning over human input in making business decisions. Artificial intelligence development seemed to happen overnight, but it has been a series of developments that stretches back hundreds of years. It's hard to imagine that, 381 years ago, anyone could have conceived of artificial intelligence.

It began with the "heartless" Tin man from the Wizard of Oz and continued with the humanoid robot that impersonated Maria in Metropolis. By the 1950s, we had a generation of scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers with the concept of artificial intelligence (or AI) culturally assimilated in their minds. One such person was Alan Turing, a young British polymath who explored the mathematical possibility of artificial intelligence. Turing suggested that humans use available information as well as reason in order to solve problems and make decisions, so why can't machines do the same thing? This was the logical framework of his 1950 paper, Computing Machinery and Intelligence in which he discussed how to build intelligent machines and how to test their intelligence.

Alan Turing, the British mathematician, is widely recognized as being one of the first people to come up with the idea of artificial intelligence in 1950. However the idea of a thinking machine existed as early as 2500 B.C., when the Egyptians sought mystical advice from talking statues. In the Cairo Museum, there is a bust of, Re-Harmakis, an Egyptian God, whose neck reveals the secret of his genius: an opening at the nape just big enough to hold a priest. Automata, the predecessors of today's robots, date back to ancient Egyptian figurines with movable limbs like those found in Tutankhamen's tomb. It took the invention of the Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage in 1833 to make artificial intelligence a real possibility.

A large high-speed general-purpose digital computer (IBM 7090) was Programmed to solve elementary symbolic integration problems at approximately the level of a good college freshman. The program is called SAINT, an acronym for "Symbolic Automatic INTegrator." (Slagle, 1961). Some typical samples of SAINT's external behavior are given so that the reader may think in concrete terms. Note that SAINT omits the con of integration, and we, too, shall ignore it throughout our discussion. SAINT handles integrands that repre explicit elementary functions of a real variable which, for the sake of brevity, will be elementary functions.

A large high-speed general-purpose digital computer (IBM 7090) wasProgrammed to solve elementary symbolic integration problems at approximatelythe level of a good college freshman. The program is called SAINT,an acronym for "Symbolic Automatic INTegrator." The SAINT programis written in LISP (McCarthy, 1960), and most of the work reported hereJs the substance of a doctoral dissertation at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology (Slagle, 1961). This discussion concerns the SAINT programand its performance.Some typical samples of SAINT's external behavior are given so thatthe reader may think in concrete terms. Journal of the ACM, Vol 10, No. 4, pp. 507-520, October 1963.

"We ask first whether we need a theory of creative thinking distinct from a theory of problem solving. Subject to minor qualifications, we conclude there is no such need -- that we call problem solving creative when the problems solved are relatively new and difficult. Next, we summarize what has been learned about problem solving by simulating certain human problem solving processes with digital computers. Finally, we indicate some of the differences in degreee that might be observed in comparing relatively creative with relative routine problem solving."RAND Corporation Paper P-1320, Santa Monica, Calif