Sports fans know that watching their team win releases a feeling of joy, but seeing them lose has the opposite effect - and these'feelings' can be seen in our brains. Researchers at the Clínica Alemana de Santiago in Chile scanned soccer fans' brains, finding the sight of their team scoring lit up the region associated with reward. When their team lost, a network of brain areas involved in mentalization became more active - signaling that they were trying to make sense of what just happened. In other words, we feel good when we watch our team score. And when we see our team's rivals score on them, we attempt to rationalize.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the darling of businesses and governments because it not only promises to add tens of trillions to the gross domestic product (GDP), but it comes with all the excitement of action-packed movies or dopamine-drenched gaming. We are mesmerized by computer vision, natural language processing, and the uncanny predictions of recommendation engines.…

The question must have fascinated everyone? A very simple question -- how and why does Emotions come from? The question can be looked from various aspect s-- there is a perspective of psychology, we can look through the prism of cognitive science and can also try to find our answer through our "limited" knowledge of our Brain. Human brain is a very complex organ. It controls and coordinates everything from the movement of your lips to your heart rate.

We've all seen movies where AI takes over the world (I, Robot is probably my favorite) but what are the potential harms of it in the current day. Let's try and understand from where can these dangers arise in the first place. Modern AI uses various black-box algorithms where they get the desired results but the reasoning for it performing better or equivalent to humans might be lost in the process or rarely ever evaluated. Now you might be wondering if we control the results, how is it going to take over the world, the answer is it probably won't. What can go wrong though, is its ability to obtain results wanted by companies or organizations by crossing moral or legal boundaries without anybody knowing or realizing not even the companies themselves.

Limbic resonance is the idea that the capacity for sharing deep emotional states arises from the limbic system of the brain.[1] These states include the dopamine circuit-promoted feelings of empathic harmony, and the norepinephrine circuit-originated emotional states of fear, anxiety and anger.[2] The concept was advanced in the book A General Theory of Love (2000), and is one of three interrelated concepts central to the book's premise: that our brain chemistry and nervous systems are measurably affected by those closest to us (limbic resonance); that our systems synchronize with one another in a way that has profound implications for personality and lifelong emotional health (limbic regulation); and that these set patterns can be modified through therapeutic practice (limbic revision).[3]:170 In other words, it refers to the capacity for empathy and non-verbal connection that is present in mammals, and that forms the basis of our social connections as well as the foundation for various modes of therapy and healing. According to the authors (Thomas Lewis, M.D, Fari Amini, M.D. and Richard Lannon, M.D.), our nervous systems are not self-contained, but rather demonstrably attuned to those around us with whom we share a close connection. "Within the effulgence of their new brain, mammals developed a capacity we call'limbic resonance' -- a symphony of mutual exchange and internal adaptation whereby two mammals become attuned to each other's inner states."[3]

Beyond cortical and limbic systems, the company Neuralink could add a third layer of digital superintelligence to humans and avoid artificial intelligence enslavement, its founder Elon Musk claimed Tuesday. The brain-computer linkup firm is working to treat medical conditions using its implanted chip as early as next year, but during a podcast appearance, Musk reiterated his belief that the technology could avoid some of the worst consequences of advanced machines. "It's important that Neuralink solves this problem sooner rather than later, because the point at which we have digital superintelligence, that's when we pass the singularity and things become just very uncertain," Musk said during an interview with MIT professor Lex Fridman. Musk was keen to note that the singularity, a hypothesized point where machines grow so advanced that humanity slips into an irreversible change, may not necessarily be good or bad. He did state, however, that "things become extremely unstable" after that point, which means Neuralink would need to achieve its human-brain linkup either before or not long after "to minimize the existential risk for humanity and consciousness as we know it."

Elon Musk's Neuralink has been on a hiring spree since summer. Tesla and SpaceX CEO Elon Musk doesn't often publicly talk about his low-profile side hustle at biotech startup Neuralink. But when he does, the news is usually far more exiting than any of his updates on electric cars or rockets. In July, Neuralink published a white paper about an implantable brain chip it had been working on, which Musk said would help "merge biological intelligence with machine intelligence." This week, speaking on the Artificial Intelligence podcast hosted by MIT research scientist Lex Fridman, Musk shared a more detailed explanation of how things are unfolding at Neuralink and his ultimate vision for the sci-fi-sounding device that's in the making.

In the foothills of the Sierra Mountains, a few hours east of San Francisco, are the Moaning Caverns, a cave system that begins, after a narrow, twisting descent of 30-some feet, with an abrupt 180-foot drop. The Park Service has found ancient human skeletons at the bottom of the drop. Instead, these explorers took one step too far in the gloom. The skeletons belonged to adolescents. After all, adolescence is the time of life when someone is most likely to join a cult, kill, be killed, invent an art form, help overthrow a dictator, ethnically cleanse a village, care for the needy, transform physics, adopt a hideous fashion style, commit to God, and be convinced that all the forces of history have converged to make this moment the most consequential ever, fraught with peril and promise. For all this we can thank the teenage brain. Some have argued adolescence is a cultural construct. In traditional cultures, there is typically a single qualitative transition to puberty. After that, the individual is a young adult. Yet the progression from birth to adulthood is not smoothly linear.

Disclosure: I am not associated with NeuraLink in any shape or form. As we've all have seen in the media and around the web, Elon has been having a rough few months. From sleeping on the factory floor in order to meet Tesla's production objectives to consistently ticking off regulators and shareholders. It's a wonder he has time for anything else in his life. But then a month ago, he showed up on the Joe Rogan Podcast.

By the way, you can listen to a neuron fire here (what you're actually hearing is the electro-chemical firing of a neuron, converted to audio). Some electrodes want to take the relationship to the next level and will go for a technique called the patch clamp, whereby it'll get rid of its electrode tip, leaving just a tiny little tube called a glass pipette,21 and it'll actually directly assault a neuron by sucking a "patch" of its membrane into the tube, allowing for even finer measurements:39 A patch clamp also has the benefit that, unlike all the other methods we've discussed, because it's physically touching the neuron, it can not only record but stimulate the neuron,22 injecting current or holding voltage at a set level to do specific tests (other methods can stimulate neurons, but only entire groups together). Finally, electrodes can fully defile the neuron and actually penetrate through the membrane, which is called sharp electrode recording. If the tip is sharp enough, this won't destroy the cell--the membrane will actually seal around the electrode, making it very easy to stimulate the neuron or record the voltage difference between the inside and outside of the neuron. But this is a short-term technique--a punctured neuron won't survive long.