legal clause
ClauseLens: Clause-Grounded, CVaR-Constrained Reinforcement Learning for Trustworthy Reinsurance Pricing
Dong, Stella C., Finlay, James R.
Reinsurance treaty pricing must satisfy stringent regulatory standards, yet current quoting practices remain opaque and difficult to audit. We introduce ClauseLens, a clause-grounded reinforcement learning framework that produces transparent, regulation-compliant, and risk-aware treaty quotes. ClauseLens models the quoting task as a Risk-Aware Constrained Markov Decision Process (RA-CMDP). Statutory and policy clauses are retrieved from legal and underwriting corpora, embedded into the agent's observations, and used both to constrain feasible actions and to generate clause-grounded natural language justifications. Evaluated in a multi-agent treaty simulator calibrated to industry data, ClauseLens reduces solvency violations by 51%, improves tail-risk performance by 27.9% (CVaR_0.10), and achieves 88.2% accuracy in clause-grounded explanations with retrieval precision of 87.4% and recall of 91.1%. These findings demonstrate that embedding legal context into both decision and explanation pathways yields interpretable, auditable, and regulation-aligned quoting behavior consistent with Solvency II, NAIC RBC, and the EU AI Act.
- North America > United States > Pennsylvania > Philadelphia County > Philadelphia (0.14)
- North America > United States > California > Yolo County > Davis (0.14)
- Europe > Germany > Bavaria > Upper Bavaria > Munich (0.04)
- (9 more...)
- Law (1.00)
- Banking & Finance > Insurance (1.00)
Graph-based Keyword Planning for Legal Clause Generation from Topics
Joshi, Sagar, Balaji, Sumanth, Garimella, Aparna, Varma, Vasudeva
Generating domain-specific content such as legal clauses based on minimal user-provided information can be of significant benefit in automating legal contract generation. In this paper, we propose a controllable graph-based mechanism that can generate legal clauses using only the topic or type of the legal clauses. Our pipeline consists of two stages involving a graph-based planner followed by a clause generator. The planner outlines the content of a legal clause as a sequence of keywords in the order of generic to more specific clause information based on the input topic using a controllable graph-based mechanism. The generation stage takes in a given plan and generates a clause. The pipeline consists of a graph-based planner followed by text generation. We illustrate the effectiveness of our proposed two-stage approach on a broad set of clause topics in contracts.
- North America > Dominican Republic (0.04)
- North America > United States > Pennsylvania > Philadelphia County > Philadelphia (0.04)
- Europe > Sweden > Uppsala County > Uppsala (0.04)
- (2 more...)