Earthquake detection is essential for earthquake early warning (EEW) systems. Traditional methods struggle with low signal-to-noise ratios and single-station reliance, limiting their effectiveness. We propose a Spatio-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) using Spectral Structure Learning Convolution (Spectral SLC) to model static and dynamic relationships across seismic stations. Our approach processes multi-station waveform data and generates station-specific detection probabilities. Experiments show superior performance over a conventional GCN baseline in terms of true positive rate (TPR) and false positive rate (FPR), highlighting its potential for robust multi-station earthquake detection. The code repository for this study is available at https://github.com/SuchanunP/eq_detector.

A new technique that analyzes seismic signals to predict days in advance when America's most dangerous volcano will erupt. Mount St Helens, located in Washington State, has recently showed signs of recharging and scientists have developed a machine learning tool to find patterns of volcanic activity to provide better emergency plans. The system was able to determine when the volcano experienced unrest, pre-eruptive and eruptive periods. Using the data, the technology predicted at least three days in advance when the volcano would erupt - with 95 percent accuracy. The study comes less than 10 days since the Pacific Northwest Seismic Network revealed it detected with 350 earthquakes in the region since February, which are signs the volcano may be awakening.

A deep learning algorithm can remove city noise from earthquake monitoring tools, potentially making it easier to pinpoint when and where a tremor occurs. "Earthquake monitoring in urban settings is important because it helps us understand the fault systems that underlie vulnerable cities," says Gregory Baroza at Stanford University in California. "By seeing where the faults go, we can better anticipate earthquake events." However, the sounds of cities – from cars, aircraft, helicopters and general hustle and bustle – adds noise that makes it difficult to discern the underground signals that indicate an earthquake is happening. To try to improve our ability to identify and locate earthquakes, Baroza and his colleagues trained a deep neural network to distinguish between earthquake signals and other noise sources.

Few months go by without another devastating earthquake somewhere in the world reminding us how we all remain at the mercy of major seismic events that strike without warning. But a new branch of geophysics powered by machine learning is uncovering fresh insights into the earth's slipping faults that often trigger these catastrophic earthquakes. Machine learning, which often goes by the catchier moniker of artificial intelligence, has captured the public's imagination with its promises of fully autonomous cars and the approaching "singularity" when machines out-think people. The current state of the art, however, shows little signs of true intelligence, such as the ability to abstract the principles behind a given phenomenon. In image recognition, AI systems learn from rote memorization to identify objects and are, therefore, often fooled.

Each year, more than 50 terabytes of seismic data are archived at the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) alone. The massive amount of data highlights the need for more efficient and powerful tools for data processing and analyses. The main challenge is the efficient extraction of as much useful information as possible from these large datasets. This is where rapidly evolving machine learning (ML) approaches have the potential to play a key role (Zhu and Beroza 2018; Li et al, 2018; Ross et al, 2018b; Chen 2018). 1 One of the first stages that observational seismologists need to meet this challenge is in the processing of continuous data to detect earthquake signals. Among a large variety of detection methods developed in past few decades, STA/LTA (Allen, 1978) and template matching (Gibbons and Ringdal 2006; Shelly et al. 2007; Ross et al, 2017; Li et al, 2018) are the most commonly used algorithms. While STA/LTA is generalized and efficient, its sensitivity to timevarying background noise and lack of sensitivity to small events, false positives, and events recorded shortly after each other make it less than optimal for robust and sensitive detection. Although the high sensitivity of cross-correlation improves the detection threshold of template matching, the requirement of prior knowledge of templates and multiple cross-correlation procedures make it less general and inefficient for real-time processing of large seismic data volumes. Although more advanced algorithms such as Fingerprint And Similarity Thresholding (FAST) (Yoon et al, 2015) can improve the efficiency of the similarity search, the outputs are in that case limited to repeated events. Shallow Neural Networks (NN) are among the first ML methods used for the earthquake signal detection (e.g.