We thank the reviewers for their thoughtful reviews and below we address their major concerns. This variability would be expected even from different recording sessions for the same subject. This allows researchers to add multiple covariates (e.g., different experimental Also related to Reviewer 1's comments, it is certainly possible to have different numbers Another major point/question raised by the reviewers was the sensitivity of our results to our intialization procedure. It is not necessary but it simplifies the inference derivation.

This textbook provides future data analysts with the tools, methods, and skills needed to answer data-focused, real life questions, to choose and apply appropriate methods to answer those questions, and to visualize and interpret results to support better decisions in business, economics, and public policy. Data wrangling and exploration, regression analysis, prediction with machine learning, and causal analysis are comprehensively covered, as well as when, why, and how the methods work, and how they relate to each other. As the most effective way to communicate data analysis, running case studies play a central role in this textbook. Each case starts with an industry relevant question and answers it by using real-world data and applying the tools and methods covered in the textbook. Learning is then consolidated by over 360 practice questions and 120 data exercises.

When Alan Turing was born 100 years ago, on June 23, 1912, a computer was not a thing--it was a person. Computers, most of whom were women, were hired to perform repetitive calculations for hours on end. The practice dated back to the 1750s, when Alexis-Claude Clairaut recruited two fellow astronomers to help him plot the orbit of Halley's comet. Clairaut's approach was to slice time into segments and, using Newton's laws, calculate the changes to the comet's position as it passed Jupiter and Saturn. The team worked for five months, repeating the process again and again as they slowly plotted the course of the celestial bodies.