One team of researchers has developed an emissions calculator to estimate the energy use and environmental impact of training machine learning models. AI researcher Alexandra Luccioni of the University of Montreal and Mila, collaborated on that study. "This is definitely something that people are working on, be it via more efficient GPUs or by guying renewable energy credits for the carbon that was produced by neural network training," she stated in a recent account in Nature Machine Intelligence. "Using renewable energy grids for training neural networks is the single biggest change that can be made. It can make emissions vary by a factor of 40, between a fully renewable grid and a fully coal grid," she stated.