Recent advances in Bayesian probability theory and its application to cognitive science in combination with the development of a new generation of computational tools and methods for probabilistic computation have led to a 'probabilistic turn' in pragmatics and semantics. In particular, the framework of Rational Speech Act theory has been developed to model broadly Gricean accounts of pragmatic phenomena in Bayesian terms, starting with fairly simple reference games and covering ever more complex communicative exchanges such as verbal syllogistic reasoning. This paper explores in which way a similar Bayesian approach might be applied to relevance-theoretic pragmatics (Sperber & Wilson, 1995) by study a paradigmatic pragmatic phenomenon: the communication of implicit meaning by ways of (conversational) implicatures.

Astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) had slower memory, attention and processing speed after six months, raising concerns about the impact of cognitive impairment on future space missions to Mars. The extreme environment of space, with reduced gravity, harsh radiation and the lack of regular sunrises and sunsets, can have dramatic effects on astronaut health, from muscle loss to an increased risk of heart disease. However, the cognitive effects of long-term space travel are less well documented. Inside NASA's ambitious plan to bring the ISS crashing back to Earth Now, Sheena Dev at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas, and her colleagues have looked at the cognitive performance of 25 astronauts during their time on the ISS. The team ran the astronauts through 10 tests, some of which were done on Earth, once before and twice after the mission, while others were done on the ISS, both early and later in the mission.

Fox News Flash top headlines are here. Check out what's clicking on Foxnews.com. Most people have had brief lapses of memory -- forgetting a train of thought, a driving route or maybe a word choice. In most cases, these episodes last only a few seconds and are nothing to worry about -- but if they persist, it may warrant getting a doctor's input. For a clearer understanding of what defines this condition -- often referred to as "brain fog" -- Fox News Digital asked two medical doctors about recognizing the symptoms and when to seek medical attention.

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have received enormous attention over the past year and are now used by hundreds of millions of people every day. The rapid adoption of this technology naturally raises questions about the possible biases such models might exhibit. In this work, we tested one of these models (GPT-3) on a range of cognitive effects, which are systematic patterns that are usually found in human cognitive tasks. We found that LLMs are indeed prone to several human cognitive effects. Specifically, we show that the priming, distance, SNARC, and size congruity effects were presented with GPT-3, while the anchoring effect is absent. We describe our methodology, and specifically the way we converted real-world experiments to text-based experiments. Finally, we speculate on the possible reasons why GPT-3 exhibits these effects and discuss whether they are imitated or reinvented.

Editor's Note: This article was submitted in response to the call for ideas issued by the co-chairs of the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, Eric Schmidt and Robert Work. It addresses the first question (part a.) on the character of war, and the third question (part d.) on the types of data that would be most useful for developing applications. Billy Beane, general manager of the struggling Oakland Athletics baseball team, faced a problem in the early 2000s. He needed to field a competitive team with one of the league's smallest budgets. Beane turned to what became known as a "moneyball" approach -- a new analytical method that valued a player's ability to get on base over traditional statistics like batting average and home runs.

The automotive industry is experiencing a paradigm shift. Today's vehicles are no longer just for transport. Instead, they are moving data centres with the potential to offer consumers access to in-car services like on-the-go toll and parking payments, weather data, automatic route calculation and much more. In the week that Frankfurt hosts its well-renowned international motor show, IAA 2017, the automotive industry is buzzing with talk of self-driving cars, in-vehicle concierge services and ever-increasing personalization for drivers. To understand how ready the automotive industry is to accept cognitive technology like this, the IBM Institute for Business Value surveyed 500 automotive executives, original equipment manufacturers and suppliers for their perspectives.