The TSCI approach is model-agnostic and can be used as a drop-in replacement for CCM and its generalizations.

However, current evidence indicates the contrary.

Understanding the intricate motivations behind human actions is paramount in developing sophisticated systems capable of nuanced behavior analysis.

Our focus in this paper is to solve causal inference problems using only observational data and (potentially partial) knowledge on the causal graph of the underlying structural causal model (SCM).

CaST, which consistently outperforms existing methods with good interpretability.

A common theme in causal inference is learning causal relationships between observed variables, also known as causal discovery. This is usually a daunting task, given the large number of candidate causal graphs and the combinatorial nature of the search space.

Y and Z are statistically independent, whereω is a parameter vector characterized from the cross-covariance betweenY andZ.