Spoken Language Systems, led by David Israel: This group does research on integrating linguistic processing with speech recognition, both to make speech recognition more accurate and to use the results of speech recognition in practical applications. Much of the work focuses on the development of Gemini, a natural-language parsing and semantic interpretation system based on unification grammar. Applications include ATIS, a system for retrieving airline schedules, fares, and related information from a relational database, its successor program Communicator, which is aimed at exploring the design and evaluation of spoken dialogue systems, with an emphasis on live data, plug-and-play components, and portability to new domains.