At one time, the AI that beat humans at chess calculated strategies by studying the outcomes of human moves. Joshua Sokol, "Why Artificial Intelligence Like AlphaZero Has Trouble With the Real World" at Quanta Magazine (February 21, 2018) "I feel like that's been neglected by the majority of the AI community." Joshua Sokol, "Why Artificial Intelligence Like AlphaZero Has Trouble With the Real World" at Quanta Magazine (February 21, 2018) Or, as George Gilder says in Gaming AI, in games like chess and Go, the map is the territory. And, as Jeffrey Funk and Gary Smith remind us, failed prophecies of an AI takeover come at a cost: We don't improve what we could improve in human-based services like health care if we are waiting for the phantom AI takeover. At one time, the AI that beat humans at chess calculated strategies by studying the outcomes of human moves.

At one time, the AI that beat humans at chess calculated strategies by studying the outcomes of human moves. In October 2017, the DeepMind team published details of a new Go-playing system, AlphaGo Zero, that studied no human games at all. Instead, it started with the game's rules and played against itself. The first moves it made were completely random. After each game, it folded in new knowledge of what led to a win and what didn't.