Analogy has a rich history in Western civilization. Over the centuries, it has become reified in that analogical reasoning has sometimes been regarded as a fundamental cognitive process. In addition, it has become identified with a particular expressive format. The limitations of the modern view are illustrated by monster analogies, which show that analogy need not be regarded as something having a single form, format, or semantics. Analogy clearly does depend on the human ability to create and use well-defined or analytic formats for laying out propositions that express or imply meanings and perceptions. Beyond this dependence, research in cognitive science suggests that analogy relies on a number of genuinely fundamental cognitive capabilities, including semantic flexibility, the perception of resemblances and of distinctions, imagination, and metaphor. Extant symbolic models of analogical reasoning have various sorts of limitation, yet each model presents some important insights and plausible mechanisms. I argue that future efforts could be aimed at integration. This aim would include the incorporation of contextual information, the construction of semantic bases that are dynamic and knowledge rich, and the incorporation of multiple approaches to the problems of inference constraint.

Model of Mental Fluidity and Analogy Making," is perhaps the best The representation is then elaborated by many codelets, small pieces of code that do specific things. Some codelets recognize potential structures but do Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies, Dave Chalmers, Daniel Defays, Bob not build them; others build structures Douglas Hofstadter and the French, Gary McGraw, and Melanie that have been identified. Because of the parallelism, competing whole book, reinforced by the prefaces structures can be built; other Hofstadter wrote for each article. The structure these ideas are related, one is primarily the Carl Sagan of AI. A parallel terraced scan is similar a constant interaction between how based on irrelevancies. Chapter 4, to see some attempt to learn is a collection of articles, many "High-Level Perception, Representation, codelets using genetic algorithms.

The Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence held its 1995 Spring Symposium Series on March 27 to 29 at Stanford University. This article contains summaries of the nine symposia that were conducted: (1) Empirical Methods in Discourse Interpretation and Generation; (2) Extending Theories of Action: Formal Theory and Practical Applications; (3) Information Gathering from Heterogeneous, Distributed Environments; (4) Integrated Planning Applications; (5) Interactive Story Systems: Plot and Character; (6) Lessons Learned from Implemented Software Architectures for Physical Agents; (7) Representation and Acquisition of Lexical Knowledge: Polysemy, Ambiguity, and Generativity; (8) Representing Mental States and Mechanisms; and (9) Systematic Methods of Scientific Discovery.

Prizes were awarded to students to encourage improved research. Michel Wermelinger, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal, was the winner of the best paper award for his work "Basic Conceptual Structure Theory," which provided a significant In "Representations Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, won Papers were presented by a number interest in the use of conceptual he Second International Conference (ICCS'94) was held at the of individuals and groups from graphs. The funds were made available University of Maryland, College several countries on the development through a grant from the American Park, Maryland, on August 16 to 20. and use of the conceptual Association for Artificial Intelligence The conference marked the tenth graph representational language. Sponsors included the University of Graph Workbench," chaired by Gerard vice-president of academic affairs, Paradigm Development Corp. in Urbana, Illinois, was the second She received her Ph.D. from the introduction, "Aristotelian and

This report stems from a workshop that was organized by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) and cosponsored by the Information Technology and Organizations Program of the National Science Foundation. The purpose of the workshop was twofold: first, to increase awareness among the artificial intelligence (AI) community of opportunities presented by the National Information Infrastructure (NII) activities, in particular, the Information Infrastructure and Tech-nology Applications (IITA) component of the High Performance Computing and Communications Program; and second, to identify key contributions of research in AI to the NII and IITA.

Simmons's dream was that a person could have "a conversation with a book": The computer would read the book, and then the user at that time. William James' could have a conversation with the born in Quincy, Massachusetts, Principles of Psychology seemed to He married me to be a highwater mark for answered from the computer's understanding Patricia Enderson in 1950, and they psychologists who were interested of the book. He investigated raised five children. The fact such as encyclopedia articles; produced in 1954 from the University of that the whole current of psychology higher-level grammars for Southern California. His dissertation has turned to the more expository text; and wrote programs was entitled "The Prediction of Accident rewarding (but to me less inspiring) that could summarize such text. Rates from Basic Design Features study of more easily He later became interested in logic of USAF Aircraft."

These examples involve putting of grief in Vietnam, and he never forgot "analogy war" that went on for years

This book review examines Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1995, 932 pp., $62.90, ISBN 0-13-103805-2.

The first session aimed to set the component being tested. The stage for the day's discussion by focusing variation in all three of these contexts on the issues surrounding the will lead to different types of and Verification of Knowledge-use of formal specification techniques The first paper, by Formal Specifications to Design Intelligence (AAAI-94) in Seattle, Lance Miller of SAIC, was entitled Verifiable Hybrid KBS" by Rose Gamble, Washington, marked the seventh This paper provided a with its specification, and (2) the The 1994 workshop was significant basis for the comparison of validation refinement of formal specifications in that there was a definitive move in and verification techniques to for their implementation. O'Leary, from the lows the possibility of constraining techniques for validating certain University of Southern California, the experts' choices to ensure that properties of KBSs. A paper by presented a paper on the relationship any new knowledge added is valid Alun Preece, Cliff Gossner, and T. between errors and size in KBSs. This and that the knowledge base structure Radhakrishnan (all from the University paper is among the first to address ensures the knowledge is of Aberdeen, Scotland) considered this important issue.

Several of the workshops have led to discourse? At what levels of the art in the field (Dale et al. 1992; generation is information processed on Natural Language Paris, Swartout, and Mann 1991; How can we generate to 24 June 1994 at the Nonantum The goal of this latest workshop multilingual texts efficiently? Inn on the seacoast in Kennebunkport, was to introduce new, cutting-edge The topics presented at the workshop Maine. Two invited speakers described subtopics such as evaluation, casual site contributed greatly to their perspectives on two areas outside explanation generation, and summarization the success of the workshop in stimulating the field that might become an occur with increasing frequency the exchange of ideas. Pustejovsky (Brandeis University) presented Different generator designers make that any individual generation his views on the richness of different choices, and the resulting project should define--in its own what can be encoded in what he calls systems are hard to compare.