Various groups of ascertainable individuals have been granted the status of "persons" under American law, while that status has been denied to other groups. This article examines various analogies that might be drawn by courts in deciding whether to extend "person" status to intelligent machines, and the limitations that might be placed upon such recognition. As an alternative analysis, this article questions the legal status of various human/machine interfaces, and notes the difficulty in establishing an absolute point beyond which legal recognition will not extend.

I apologise for any mistakes or misinterpretations I may therefore have made. In October 1981,.Japan announced a national project to develop highly innovative computer systems for the 199Os, with the title "Fifth Generation Computer Systems " This paper is a personal view of that project, The fifth generation plan its significance, and reactions to it. In late 1978 the Japanese Ministry of International Trade THIS PAPER PRESENTS a personal view of the Japanese and Industry (MITI) gave ETL the task of defining a project Fifth Generation Computer Systems project.

See also: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79, 2554-2558

A practical criterion for the success of a knowledge-based problem-solving system is its usefulness as a tool to those working in its specialized domain of expertise. This paper describes an evaluation and several applications of a knowledge-based system, the PROSPECTOR consultant for mineral exploration. PROSPECTOR is a rule-based judgmental reasoning system that evaluates the mineral potential of a site or region with respect to inference network models of specific classes of ore deposits. Knowledge about a particular type of ore deposit is encoded in a computational model representing observable geological features and the relative significance thereof.In Hayes, J. E., Michie, D., and Pao, Y.-H. (Eds.), Machine Intelligence 10. Ellis Horwood.

Advanced Information and Decision Systems (AI-DS) is a relatively new, employee-owned company that does basic and applied research, product development, and consulting in the fields of artificial intelligence, computer science, decision analysis, operations research, control theory, estimation theory, and signal processing. AI&DS performs studies, analyses, systems design and evaluation, and software development for a variety of industrial clients and government agencies, including the Department of Defense and Energy.

Section 1. Principal Office The principal office of the corporation in the State of California shall be located in the City Section 2. Special Meetings Special meetings of the members of Menlo Park, County of San Mateo Section 1. Classes of Members: The corporation shall have two Section 4 Notice of Special Meeting Notice stating the place, classes of members Regular and Student Student members day, and haul of any special meeting of members shall be have all of the rights and privileges of regular members except delivered either personally, or by mail, telephone, telegram, or that student members shall not be allowed to vote. Section 5 Quorum The persons present at the Annual Meeting Section 3. Membership A person becomes a mcmbel (regular shall constitute a quorum at this meeting, including all adjourned or student) upon acceptance of an application for membership by or continued meetings At any other meeting of the members, the Executive Council and payment of dues Section 6 Proxies, No person, whether a member or not, may vote the proxy of any regular member. Section 5 Termination of Membership The Executive Council, by affirmative vote of two-thirds of all of the members of the Section 7 All voting at meetings shall be by show of hand Council, may suspend or expel a member after an appropriate unless a secret ballot is requested by any member. All voting, hearing Failure to maintain current dues payments shall be whether written or oral, shall bc completed and tabulated prior to automatic grounds for termination of membership. Section 6. Resignation Any member may resign by filing a written resignation with the Secretary-Treasurer, EXECUTIVE COUNCIL Section 7 Reinstatement Upon written request by a former Section I General Power s The affairs of the corporation, member filed with the Secretary-Treasmer, the Executive including the setting of all dues and qualification of members, Council, by majority vote, may reinstate a former member shall be managed by its Executive Council Councilors of the Executive Council must be members of the corporation Section 8. Transfer of Membership Membership in this corporation is not transferable or assignable Section 2 Number, Qualification and Tenure After the initial 38 Al MAGAZINE Winter 1980-81 period of organization of the corporation, the Executive Council Council, or any vacancy by reason of an increase in the number shall consist of the Officers, as identified in Article V, twelve of members of the Executive Council, shall be filled by the individuals elected by the membership for three year terms, and Executive Council.

Proceedings of the Association of Computational Linguistics, Philadelphia, 59-63

ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 2(1): 90-121.

To choose their actions, reasoning programs must be able to make assumptions and subsequently revise their beliefs when discoveries contradict these assumptions. The Truth Maintenance System (TMS) is a problem solver subsystem for performing these functions by recording and maintaining the reasons for program beliefs. Such recorded reasons are useful in constructing explanations of program actions and in guiding the course of action of a problem solver. This paper describes (1) the representations and structure of the TMS, (2) the mechanisms used to revise the current set of beliefs, (3) how dependency-directed backtracking changes the current set of assumptions, (4) techniques for summarizing explanations of beliefs, (5) how to organize problem solvers into "dialectically arguing" modules, (6) how to revise models of the belief systems of others, and (7) methods for embedding control structures in patterns of assumptions. We stress the need of problem solvers to choose between alternative systems of beliefs, and outline a mechanism by which a problem solver can employ rules guiding choices of what to believe, what to want, and what to do.Artificial Intelligence 12(3):231-272

I will remain Ion8 and deeply indebted to Herb Simon, H. T. Kung, AI Newell, Jay