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Induction of decision trees
The technology for building knowledge-based systems by inductive inference from examples hasbeen demonstrated successfully in several practical applications. This paper summarizes an approach to synthesizing decision trees that has been used in a variety of systems, and it describes one such system, ID3, in detail. Results from recent studies show ways in which the methodology can be modified to deal with information that is noisy and/or incomplete. A reported shortcoming of the basic algorithm is discussed and two means of overcoming it are compared. The paper concludes with illustrations of current research directionsMachine Learning, 1, p. 81-106
Derivational analogy: A theory of reconstructive problem solving and expertise acquisition
CMU-CS-85-115, Carnegie Mellon University. Reprinted in Michalski, R. S., Carbonell, J. G., and Mitchell, T. M., (Eds.), Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach, volume 2, chapter 14, pages 371-392. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. Derivational analogy, a method of solving problems based on the transfer of past experience to new probiem situations, is discussed in the context of other general approaches to problem solving. The experience transfer process consists of recreating lines of reasoning, including decision sequences and accompanying justifications, that proved effective in solving particular problems requiring similar initial analysis. The role of derivational analogy in case-based reasoning and in automated expertise acquisition is discussed.
Cognitive Technologies: The Design of Joint Human-Machine Cognitive Systems
This article explores the implications of one type of cognitive technology, techniques and concepts to develop joint human-machine cognitive systems, for the application of computational technology by examining the joint cognitive system implicit in a hypothetical computer consultant that outputs some form of problem solution. This analysis reveals some of the problems can occur in cognitive system design-e.g., machine control of the interaction, the danger of a responsibility-authority double-bind, and the potentially difficult and unsupported task of filtering poor machine solutions. The result is a challenge for applied cognitive psychology to provide models, data, and techniques to help designers build an effective combination between the human and machine elements of a joint cognitive system.