Pope Leo XIV made his first address to the College of Cardinals on May 10, 2025 in Vatican City, and touched upon the rise of artificial intelligence. Pope Leo XIV made his first address to the College of Cardinals on May 10, 2025 in Vatican City, and touched upon the rise of artificial intelligence. As technologists race to accelerate AI's progress with minimal guardrails, they are being met with increasing resistance from a powerful global contingent: Christian leaders and their congregations. Christians are not a monolith by any means. But this year, Christian leaders across sects--including Catholics, Evangelicals, and Baptists--sounded the alarm on AI's potential impact on family, human relationships, labor, and the church itself.

President Donald Trump speaks in the Roosevelt Room flanked by Masayoshi Son, Larry Ellison, and Sam Altman at the White House on January 21, 2025. President Donald Trump speaks in the Roosevelt Room flanked by Masayoshi Son, Larry Ellison, and Sam Altman at the White House on January 21, 2025. In case you missed it, 2025 was a big year for AI. It became an economic force, propping up the stock market, and a geopolitical pawn, redrawing the frontlines of Great Power competition. It had both global and deeply personal effects, changing the ways that we think, write, and relate.

Welcome back to In the Loop, new twice-weekly newsletter about AI. If you're reading this in your browser, why not subscribe to have the next one delivered straight to your inbox? Last month, I interviewed Trump's Energy Secretary Chris Wright for TIME's Person of the Year feature: The Architects of AI . Wright, who came from the private sector, has now staked much of his legacy on AI acceleration. In our interview, he highlighted AI's role in advancing crucial scientific research and downplayed climate risks.

Donald Trump, center, signs a an executive order on artificial intelligence in the Oval Office on December 11. He is joined by, from left, AI advisor Sriram Krishnan, Senator Ted Cruz, Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick, and AI and crypto czar David Sacks. Donald Trump, center, signs a an executive order on artificial intelligence in the Oval Office on December 11. He is joined by, from left, AI advisor Sriram Krishnan, Senator Ted Cruz, Commerce Secretary Howard Lutnick, and AI and crypto czar David Sacks. Last week, President Donald Trump signaled his allegiance to the AI industry yet again by signing an executive order that aims to block states from regulating AI.

AI Is Getting Better at Science. Demis Hassabis founded DeepMind to "solve intelligence" and then use that to "solve everything else." Sam Altman promised that "the gains to quality of life from AI driving faster scientific progress will be enormous." Dario Amodei of Anthropic predicted that as soon as 2026, AI progress could produce a "country of geniuses in a data center." Of all the foundational myths driving the AI boom, the hope that AI might help humanity understand the universe is among the most enduring. FrontierScience, a new benchmark published Tuesday by OpenAI, suggests that AI models are advancing toward that goal--and highlights the difficulty of testing models' capabilities as they become ever more competitive with human scientists.

Jensen Huang was riding high. The name of the company he runs, Nvidia, is a play on the Latin word for . But when asked last month, Huang could not think of a single thing he is envious of. "I have a pretty great life," he said toward the end of a 75-minute interview with TIME, before tallying a list of things he is grateful for: his happy marriage, his adult children, and his two dogs, who earlier that day both received the all-clear on their ultrasounds. Then, of course, there was his professional life: running the world's most valuable company, worth some $4.3 trillion.

Pine is the Creative Director at TIME. To illustrate the choice of the Architects of AI as TIME's 2025 Person of the Year, we asked two separate artists to help us visualize the incredibly complex technological revolution that is currently underway. London-based illustrator and graphics animator Peter Crowther and digital painter Jason Seiler each created an image that speaks to the duality AI has produced - man vs. machine. Inspired by the inner workings of computer chips, Crowther's intricate AI structure looms large over the busy construction site.

Pillay is an editorial fellow at TIME. Pillay is an editorial fellow at TIME. Recent AI progress has followed a pattern. Across text, image, audio, and video, once the right technical foundations were discovered, it only took a few years for AI-generated outputs to go from merely passable to indistinguishable from human creation. Although it's early, recent advances suggest that virtual worlds--3D environments you can explore and interact with--could be next.

With artificial intelligence putting productivity on hyperspeed, the painstaking but often slow nature of dealing with other countries, as well as policymaking, is also forced to speed up. But a panel at the forefront of these changes at the BRIDGE Summit in Abu Dhabi--which convenes creators, policymakers, investors, technologists, media institutions, and cultural leaders around the world to discuss the future of media--said that breaking things fast is not without consequences. "Decision makers are being asked to make decisions very quickly on the basis of information that may not be verified or verifiable," Elizabeth Churchill, a professor of Human-Computer Interaction from the Mohamed Bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence, told moderator Nikhil Kumar, an executive editor at TIME, which is a media partner of the BRIDGE Summit. Churchill, who held senior roles in firms like Google and Yahoo, said she returned to academia to explore transparent and "interrogable" AI tools and content that is effectively watermarked--so that decision-makers know at a glance if information is trustworthy. She said current shortfalls in information quality are "very much a design problem that sits at the surface of all of the tools that we use and in diplomacy conversations many different people are using."

"You'd be hard pressed to find someone who has spent more time building or obsessing over the online zeitgeist, for better or for worse," Alexis Ohanian introduced himself at the BRIDGE Summit in Abu Dhabi on Monday. Ohanian, a founding partner at venture capital firm Seven Seven Six, is perhaps best known as the co-founder and former executive chairman of Reddit. "Being chronically online was part of the job," he said, as part of a conversation with TIME executive editor Nikhil Kumar. TIME is a media partner of the BRIDGE Summit, which has gathered a global community of creators, policymakers, investors, technologists, media institutions, and cultural leaders to discuss the landscape and future of media. But the advent of artificial intelligence has made platforms like Reddit, which once served as hubs of connection, less human, Ohanian said.