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Stefik, Mark
Bootstrapping Developmental AIs: From Simple Competences to Intelligent Human-Compatible AIs
Stefik, Mark, Price, Robert
Developmental AI is a bootstrapping approach where embodied AIs start with innate competences and learn by interacting with the world. They develop abilities in small steps along a bio-inspired trajectory. However, developmental AIs have not yet reached the abilities of young children. In contrast, mainstream approaches for creating AIs have led to valuable AI systems and impressive feats. These approaches include deep learning and generative approaches (e.g., large language models) and manually constructed symbolic approaches. Manually constructed AIs are brittle even in circumscribed domains. Generative AIs are helpful on average, but they can make strange mistakes and not notice them. They sometimes lack common sense and social alignment. This position paper lays out prospects, gaps, and challenges for augmenting AI mainstream approaches with developmental AI. The ambition is to create data-rich experientially based foundation models and human-compatible, resilient, and trustworthy AIs. This research aims to produce AIs that learn to communicate, establish common ground, read critically, consider the provenance of information, test hypotheses, and collaborate. A virtuous multidisciplinary research cycle has led to developmental AIs with capabilities for multimodal perception, object recognition, and manipulation. Computational models for hierarchical planning, abstraction discovery, curiosity, and language acquisition exist but need to be adapted to an embodied learning approach. They need to bridge competence gaps involving nonverbal communication, speech, reading, and writing. Aspirationally, developmental AIs would learn, share what they learn, and collaborate to achieve high standards. The approach would make the creation of AIs more democratic, enabling more people to train, test, build on, and replicate AIs.
Roots and Requirements for Collaborative AIs
Stefik, Mark
The vision of AI collaborators is a staple of mythology and science fiction, where artificial agents with special talents assist human partners and teams. In this dream, sophisticated AIs understand nuances of collaboration and human communication. The AI as collaborator dream is different from computer tools that augment human intelligence (IA) or intermediate human collaboration. Such tools have their roots in the 1960s and helped to drive an information technology revolution. They can be useful but they are not intelligent and do not collaborate as effectively as skilled people. With the increase of hybrid and remote work since the COVID pandemic, the benefits and requirements for better coordination, collaboration, and communication are becoming a hot topic in the workplace. Employers and workers face choices and trade-offs as they negotiate the options for working from home versus working at the office. Many factors such as the high costs of homes near employers are impeding a mass return to the office. Government advisory groups and leaders in AI have advocated for years that AIs should be transparent and effective collaborators. Nonetheless, robust AIs that collaborate like talented people remain out of reach. Are AI teammates part of a solution? How artificially intelligent (AI) could and should they be? This position paper reviews the arc of technology and public calls for human-machine teaming. It draws on earlier research in psychology and the social sciences about what human-like collaboration requires. This paper sets a context for a second science-driven paper that advocates a radical shift in technology and methodology for creating resilient, intelligent, and human-compatible AIs (Stefik & Price, 2023). The aspirational goal is that such AIs would learn, share what they learn, and collaborate to achieve high capabilities.
Reports of the Workshops of the Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Anderson, Monica (University of Alabama) | Bartรกk, Roman (Charles University) | Brownstein, John S. (Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University) | Buckeridge, David L. (McGill University) | Eldardiry, Hoda (Palo Alto Research Center) | Geib, Christopher (Drexel University) | Gini, Maria (University of Minnesota) | Isaksen, Aaron (New York University) | Keren, Sarah (Technion University) | Laddaga, Robert (Vanderbilt University) | Lisy, Viliam (Czech Technical University) | Martin, Rodney (NASA Ames Research Center) | Martinez, David R. (MIT Lincoln Laboratory) | Michalowski, Martin (University of Ottawa) | Michael, Loizos (Open University of Cyprus) | Mirsky, Reuth (Ben-Gurion University) | Nguyen, Thanh (University of Michigan) | Paul, Michael J. (University of Colorado Boulder) | Pontelli, Enrico (New Mexico State University) | Sanner, Scott (University of Toronto) | Shaban-Nejad, Arash (University of Tennessee) | Sinha, Arunesh (University of Michigan) | Sohrabi, Shirin (IBM T. J. Watson Research Center) | Sricharan, Kumar (Palo Alto Research Center) | Srivastava, Biplav (IBM T. J. Watson Research Center) | Stefik, Mark (Palo Alto Research Center) | Streilein, William W. (MIT Lincoln Laboratory) | Sturtevant, Nathan (University of Denver) | Talamadupula, Kartik (IBM T. J. Watson Research Center) | Thielscher, Michael (University of New South Wales) | Togelius, Julian (New York University) | Tran, So Cao (New Mexico State University) | Tran-Thanh, Long (University of Southampton) | Wagner, Neal (MIT Lincoln Laboratory) | Wallace, Byron C. (Northeastern University) | Wilk, Szymon (Poznan University of Technology) | Zhu, Jichen (Drexel University)
Reports of the Workshops of the Thirty-First AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Anderson, Monica (University of Alabama) | Bartรกk, Roman (Charles University) | Brownstein, John S. (Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University) | Buckeridge, David L. (McGill University) | Eldardiry, Hoda (Palo Alto Research Center) | Geib, Christopher (Drexel University) | Gini, Maria (University of Minnesota) | Isaksen, Aaron (New York University) | Keren, Sarah (Technion University) | Laddaga, Robert (Vanderbilt University) | Lisy, Viliam (Czech Technical University) | Martin, Rodney (NASA Ames Research Center) | Martinez, David R. (MIT Lincoln Laboratory) | Michalowski, Martin (University of Ottawa) | Michael, Loizos (Open University of Cyprus) | Mirsky, Reuth (Ben-Gurion University) | Nguyen, Thanh (University of Michigan) | Paul, Michael J. (University of Colorado Boulder) | Pontelli, Enrico (New Mexico State University) | Sanner, Scott (University of Toronto) | Shaban-Nejad, Arash (University of Tennessee) | Sinha, Arunesh (University of Michigan) | Sohrabi, Shirin (IBM T. J. Watson Research Center) | Sricharan, Kumar (Palo Alto Research Center) | Srivastava, Biplav (IBM T. J. Watson Research Center) | Stefik, Mark (Palo Alto Research Center) | Streilein, William W. (MIT Lincoln Laboratory) | Sturtevant, Nathan (University of Denver) | Talamadupula, Kartik (IBM T. J. Watson Research Center) | Thielscher, Michael (University of New South Wales) | Togelius, Julian (New York University) | Tran, So Cao (New Mexico State University) | Tran-Thanh, Long (University of Southampton) | Wagner, Neal (MIT Lincoln Laboratory) | Wallace, Byron C. (Northeastern University) | Wilk, Szymon (Poznan University of Technology) | Zhu, Jichen (Drexel University)
The AAAI-17 workshop program included 17 workshops covering a wide range of topics in AI. Workshops were held Sunday and Monday, February 4-5, 2017 at the Hilton San Francisco Union Square in San Francisco, California, USA. This report contains summaries of 12 of the workshops, and brief abstracts of the remaining 5
Design and Deployment of a Personalized News Service
Stefik, Mark (PARC) | Good, Lange (Google, Inc.)
From 2008-2010 we built an experimental personalized news system where readers subscribe to organized channels of topical information that are curated by experts. AI technology was employed to efficiently present the right information to each reader and to radically reduce the workload of curators. The system went through three implementation cycles and processed over 20 million news stories from about 12,000 RSS feeds on over 8000 topics organized by 160 curators for over 600 registered readers. This paper describes the approach, engineering and AI technology of the system.
Design and Deployment of a Personalized News Service
Stefik, Mark (PARC) | Good, Lange (Google, Inc.)
From 2008-2010 we built an experimental personalized news system where readers subscribe to organized channels of topical information that are curated by experts. AI technology was employed to efficiently present the right information to each reader and to radically reduce the workload of curators. The system went through three implementation cycles and processed over 20 million news stories from about 12,000 RSS feeds on over 8000 topics organized by 160 curators for over 600 registered readers. This paper describes the approach, engineering and AI technology of the system.
Letters to the Editor
Nilsson, Nils J., Stefik, Mark, Partridge, Derek, Lanning, Stan
He then proved that In addition, I noticed that John McCarthy was snapping network representations (such as that of the brain) cannot freely with his camera at the workshop. He may have some possibly exhibit intelligence-tapes, as in Turing Machines, amusing illustrations of the unlikely events rec0rded.l
The Next Knowledge Medium
Stefik, Mark
The Next Knowledge Medium
Stefik, Mark
Object-Oriented Programming: Themes and Variations
Stefik, Mark, Bobrow, Daniel G.
Many of the ideas behind object-oriented programming have roots going back to SIMULA. The first substantial interactive, display-based implementation was the SMALLTALK language. The object-oriented style has often been advocated for simulation programs, systems programming, graphics, and AI programming. It is also related to a line of work in AI on the theory of frames and their implementation in knowledge representation languages such as KRL, KEE, FRL, and UNITS.