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Hundal, Rajdeep Singh
On the Mistaken Assumption of Interchangeable Deep Reinforcement Learning Implementations
Hundal, Rajdeep Singh, Xiao, Yan, Cao, Xiaochun, Dong, Jin Song, Rigger, Manuel
--Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is a paradigm of artificial intelligence where an agent uses a neural network to learn which actions to take in a given environment. Numerous implementations of the state-of-the-art algorithms responsible for training these agents, like the Deep Q-Network (DQN) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithms, currently exist. However, studies make the mistake of assuming implementations of the same algorithm to be consistent and thus, interchangeable. In this paper, through a differential testing lens, we present the results of studying the extent of implementation inconsistencies, their effect on the implementations' performance, as well as their impact on the conclusions of prior studies under the assumption of interchangeable implementations. The outcomes of our differential tests showed significant discrepancies between the tested algorithm implementations, indicating that they are not interchangeable. In particular, out of the five PPO implementations tested on 56 games, three implementations achieved superhuman performance for 50% of their total trials while the other two implementations only achieved superhuman performance for less than 15% of their total trials. Furthermore, the performance among the high-performing PPO implementations was found to differ significantly in nine games. As part of a meticulous manual analysis of the implementations' source code, we analyzed implementation discrepancies and determined that code-level inconsistencies primarily caused these discrepancies. Lastly, we replicated a study and showed that this assumption of implementation interchangeability was sufficient to flip experiment outcomes. Therefore, this calls for a shift in how implementations are being used. In addition, we recommend for (1) replicability studies for studies mistakenly assuming implementation interchangeability, (2) DRL researchers and practitioners to adopt * Corresponding author. Personal use of this material is permitted. I NTRODUCTION Deep Learning (DL) and Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) are popular paradigms of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that use neural networks to solve a problem.