Tilted empirical risk minimization

Classical ERM () minimizes the average loss and is shown in pink. As (blue), TERM finds a line of best fit while ignoring outliers. In some applications, these'outliers' may correspond to minority samples that should not be ignored. As (red), TERM recovers the min-max solution, which minimizes the worst loss. This can ensure the model is a reasonable fit for all samples, reducing unfairness related to representation disparity.